Biology

Question 1

Nucleus

Answer 1

The Control Center of the Cell
-the structure in a cell that contains the chromosomes

Question 2

Nucleolus

Answer 2

a spherical structure found in the cell’s nucleus whose primary function is to produce and assemble the cell’s ribosomes.

Question 3

Cell Membrane

Answer 3

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.
-disposes waste
-holds the cell together
-protects cell from outside threatens
-phospholipid Bi-layer

Question 4

Cytoskeleton

Answer 4

The large network consisting of protein fibers and other molecules that gives shape and structure to cells in the body

Question 5

Cytoplasm

Answer 5

The gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell.
-Suspends the organelles
-80% water

Question 6

Vacuole

Answer 6

a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.

Storage Containers of the Cells

Question 7

Lysosomes

Answer 7

A membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes

They break down excess or worn-out cell parts. They may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria.
-Disposal

Question 8

Mitochondria

Answer 8

an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur

-Powerhouse of the Cell
-Produces most of the ATP

Question 9

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Answer 9

Idk man transportation ig
-The highway of the Cells

Question 10

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 10

An organelle that acts as the packaging center of the cell. It takes in protein, modifies it, and then places it in shipping containers called vesicles.
-Transports

Question 11

Ribosomes

Answer 11

An intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell
-Placed on the Rough ER
-makes proteins

Question 12

ATP

Answer 12

A substance present in all living cells that provides energy for many metabolic processes and is involved in making RNA

Question 13

What three organelles are only present in plants

Answer 13

-Cell wall
-Chloroplast
-A large Central Vacuole (found in both but much larger in plants)

Question 14

Cell Wall

Answer 14

A rigid membrane surrounding the cell. It gives structure and support to plants

Question 15

Chloroplast

Answer 15

An organelle within the cells of plants and certain algae that is the site of photosynthesis.
-Creates the green pigment that makes the colour for the leaves (Chlorophyll)
-Uses energy from the sun to carry out photosynthesis

Question 16

Prokaryotes

Answer 16

• A bacteria cell
• Organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles

Question 17

The two forms of transport

Answer 17

Active Transport
-moving materials from low concentration to high concentration
-requires additional energy (supplied by ATP)

Passive Transport
-moving materials from high concentration to low concentration
-no energy needed

Question 18

Methods of Passive Transportation

Answer 18

Methods of Passive Transportation:
-Diffusion
-Facilitated diffusion
-Osmosis

Question 19

Regular Diffusion

Answer 19

a physical process that refers to the net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

Question 20

Facilitated Diffusion

Answer 20

the passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane via the aid of a membrane protein

Question 21

Osmosis

Answer 21

the movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s semipermeable membrane

Question 22

Methods of Active Transportation

Answer 22

Methods of Active Transportation:
-Protein Pumps
-Endocytosis
-Exocytosis

Question 23

Protein Pumps

Answer 23

transmembrane proteins that actively move ions against the gradient of concentration across membranes

Question 24

Endocytosis

Answer 24

a process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane

Question 25

Exocytosis

Answer 25

Exocytosis is the process of moving materials from within a cell to the exterior of the cell

Question 26

Hypertonic

Answer 26

When a solution has a high solute concentration and low water concentration When animals cells are exposed to hypertonic solutions they shrink and shrivel up When plant cells are exposed to hypertonic their central vacuole loses water. Plasmolysis occurs and the cells contract

Question 27

Hypotonic

Answer 27

When a solution has a low solute concentration and a high water concentration When animal cells are exposed to hypotonic solutions they expand and even burst (cytolysis) When plant cells are exposed to hypotonic conditions the central vacuole takes on extra water but does not burst due to the cell wall. Creating Turgor Pressure

Question 28

Single Celled Organisms

Answer 28

Single Celled Organisms are made up of only one cell that carries out all of the functions needed by the organism -“Jack of all trades, master of none”

Question 29

Multicellular

Answer 29

Multicellular organisms are composed of more than one cell, with groups of cells differentiating to take on specialized functions -Cell differentiation (specialization) -division of labour

Question 30

The types of tissues in a plant that compose roots, stems and leaves

Answer 30

-Dermal/Epidermal Tissue -Ground Tissue -Vascular Tissue

Question 31

Dermal/Epidermal Tissue

Answer 31

Dermal tissue refers to the plant epidermis, the outer layer of tissue that surrounds the primary body of vascular plants - 1 Cell Thick -responsible for gas/matter exchange -protects the plant from injury and water loss Consists of: Leaves, Stems, Cuticle and Root dermal

Question 32

Ground Tissue

Answer 32

-Forms the bulk of the plant body -Used for storing food and providing physical support to the plant

Question 33

Vascular Tissue

Answer 33

the tissue in higher plants that constitutes the vascular system, consisting of phloem and xylem, by which water and nutrients are conducted throughout the plant.

Question 34

Xylem

Answer 34

Xylem transports and stores water and water-soluble nutrients in vascular plants -Dead cells to make them hallow

Question 35

Phloem

Answer 35

Phloem is responsible for transporting sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules in plants.

Question 36

Cohesion

Answer 36

The attraction of water molecules to eachother

Question 37

Adhesion

Answer 37

The attraction of water to a surface

Question 38

Root Pressure

Answer 38

Water enters the roots by osmosis then creates a higher pressure in the roots, forcing water up

Question 39

Transpiration Pull

Answer 39

As transpiration takes place the water molecules evaporating create a pull on the adjacent water molecules due to the strong collective and adhesive forces the force aids in drawing the water upward from roots to leaves

Question 40

Glucose Transport

Answer 40

Glucose transported from the leaves to the roots through the phloem

Question 41

Pressure Flow Theory

Answer 41

It proposes that water containing food molecules flows under pressure through the phloem. The pressure is created by the difference in water concentration of the solution in the phloem and the relatively pure water in the nearby xylem ducts.

Question 42

Stomata

Answer 42

Holes on underside of leaf used for gas exchange

Question 43

Lenticels

Answer 43

Pores in the tree stems that allow gas exchange

Question 44

Cuticle Layer

Answer 44

A protective film covering the outermost skin layer of the leaves It protects plants against drought, extreme temperatures, UV radiation, chemical attack, mechanical injuries, and pathogen/pest infection.

Question 45

Upper and Lower Epidermis Layer

Answer 45

Outermost layer The epidermis and its waxy cuticle provide a protective barrier against mechanical injury, water loss, and infection

Question 46

Palisade Mesophyll Layer

Answer 46

-Where most of the photosynthesis occurs in the leaf -Contains most of the chloroplast to help them perform photosynthesis

Question 47

Spongy Mesophyll Layer

Answer 47

-The site of gaseous exchange for photosynthesis and respiration. -loosely packed cells with large air spaces between them. -The air spaces allow movement and exchange of gases, specifically oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.

Question 48

Meristem

Answer 48

region of cells capable of division and growth in plants

Question 49

Auxin

Answer 49

A plant hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth