Biology Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
function of the cytoplasm
A
site of chemical reactions
2
Q
function of the cell membrane
A
controls what substances go in and out of the cell
3
Q
function of the mitochondria
A
site of aerobic respiration
releasing energy
4
Q
function of the ribosomes
A
site of protein synthesis
5
Q
function of the cell wall
A
strengthens the cell
provides support
6
Q
function of the chloroplasts
A
contains chlorophyll
site of photosynthesis
7
Q
function of the permanent vacuole
A
contains cell sap to keep plant cells rigid
provides support
8
Q
3 differences between animal and plant celssa
A
plant cells have chloroplasts, permanent vacuole and cellulose cell wall
animal cells do not
9
Q
what substances make up a plants cell walls?
A
cellulose
10
Q
differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
A
prokaryotes do not have a nucleus.
eukaryotes do.
prokaryotes are bacteria and viruses
eukaryotes are animal and plant cells
11
Q
one organism that is prokaryotic
A
bacteria
12
Q
what is the name of the extra small DNA rings found in some prokaryotes?
A
plasmids
13
Q
the use of tail in sperm cells
A
to swim and move around (to reach the egg)
14
Q
why do sperm cells have lots of mitochondria?
A
to provide lots of energy for swimming
15
Q
root hair cells have lots of mitochondria to release energy. what is the energy used for?
A
active transport of mineral ions into root hair cells
16
Q
which specialised cell in plants make up the tissue for transporting water?
A
xylem cells
17
Q
name the substance found in xylem cells that alloe the cells to withstand high water pressure
A
lignin
18
Q
the difference in structure between xylem and phloem
A
Xylem: dead, hollow tube, has lignin
Phloem: living, has sieve plates, no lignin
19
Q
Define Diffusion
A
movement of particles from an area of HIGH TO LOW concentration
20
Q
3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion
A
concentration gradient
temperature
surface area
21
Q
a substance that diffuses into our cells for use
A
oxygen
glucose
22
Q
explain why higher temperature results in faster diffusion
A
particles have more kinetic energy, so move around more
23
Q
name a substance that diffuses out of our cells to be removed
A
carbon dioxide
urea
24
Q
osmosis
A
movement of water from a DILUTE to a CONCENTRATED solution through a partially permeable membrane
25
if a cell is in a hypertonic solution, water will (enter or leave) the cell
leave
26
if a cell is in a hypotonic solution, water will (enter or leave) the cell
enter
27
animal cells burst in hypotonic solutions because
no cell wall
28
active transport
movement of particles from a LOW TO A HIGH concentration
requires energy
29
a gene is…
a short section of DNA that codes for a protein/ controls a characteristic
30
a chromosome is..
structures in the nucleus that carry genes
31
how many chromosomes are in one human body cell
46
32
chromosome are arranged in how many pairs in a human body cell
23
33
2 key importances of mitosis
growth
repaie
34
the first stage of the cell cycle
cell size increases
DNA and organelles replicate
35
second stage of the cell cycle (mitosis)
nucleus divides
36
the third stage of the cell cycle
cytoplasm and cell membrane divides into two genetically identical daughter cells
37
differentiation
the process where a cell becomes specialised/adapted to perform specific functions
38
stem cell
undifferentiated cell with the potential to become specialised
39
adult stem cells
stem cells that can only differentiate into a specific type of cell
40
where does differentiation occur in plants?
root tip
shoot tip
41
embryonic stem cells
stem cells from an early embryo that can differentiate into all cell types
42
define tissue
a group of cells with a similar structure working together for a specific function
43
define organ
a group of tissues working together for a specific function
44
reorder in increasing size order:
organ
cell
tissue
organ system
organism
cell < tissue < organ < organ system
45
the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach is
oesophagus
46
the function of the salivary glands
produce digestive system enzymes (amylase)
47
the function of the stomach
releases digestive enzymes to digest food
48
the function of the liver
produces bile
49
the function of the small intestine
digest food and absorb nutrients from digested food
50
the function of the large intestine
absorb water from digested food
51
the function of the pancreas
produces/releases digestive enzymes
52
the function of the gall bladder
store bile before release into small intestine
53
what is the positive result for the starch test
starch turns iodine solution from brown-red to blue-black
54
what is the positive result for sugars
Benedict’s solution turn from clear blue to brick red
55
what is the positive result for proteins
biuret turns from blue to lilac
56
what is the positive result for lipids
cloudy white layer
57
a risk of doing food tests
ethanol is flammable
biuret is corrosive
58
define a catalyst
a substance that speeds up chemical reactions but doesn’t get used up
59
define enzyme
biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
60
enzymes are..
proteins
61
define digestion
breakdown of large insoluble molecules into smaller soluble substances
62
the type of enzyme that digests carbohydrates
carbohydrases
63
the enzyme that digests starch
amylase
64
the product of the breakdown of starch
simple sugars
glucose)
65
the type of enzyme that digests proteins
proteases
66
the product that breaks down proteins
amino acids
67
the type of enzyme that digests lipids
lipases
68
the products of the breakdown of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
69
which organs produce amylase
salivary glands
small intestine
pancreas
70
which organs produce proteases
stomach
pancreas
small intestine
71
which organs produce lipases
pancreas and small intestine
72
what is plasma in the blood
yellow liquid that carries blood cells
proteins and dissolves substances around the body
73
function of platelets
blood clotting
74
where does starch digestion occur
mouth
small intestine
75
where does lipid digestion occur
small intestine
76
how are the nutrients carried away from the gut
absorbed into bloodstream through walls in small intestine
77
how are the villi adapted for efficient absorption of nutrients
many microvilli=
large surface area
rich blood supply
thin walls
78
2 functions of bile
emulsifies fat + neutralises food from stomach (HCI)
79
how are red blood cells adapted to carry oxygen efficiently
biconcave disc shape
contain pigment haemoglobin
no nucleus
80
name the blood vessel type that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body
artery
81
name the blood vessel type that carries blood from the organs back into the heart
vein
82
name the blood vessel type that is found within organs that link arteries and veins
capillaries
83
structural differences between arteries and veins
A: thicker walls, more elastic tissue, no valves
V: thinner walls, less elastic tissues, have valves
84
why can substances diffuse easily between capillaries and the cells?
thin capillary walls
85
what is the double circulatory system
one part carries blood between heart and lungs
the other carries blood between heart and other organs
86
name the vessels that supply oxygen to the heart
coronary arteries
87
name the large vessel that brings deoxygenated blood back inti the heart
vena cava
88
name the upper chambers of the heart
atria
89
name the lower chambers of the heart
ventricles
90
name the vessel that brings deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs
pulmonary artery
91
name the vessel that brings oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary vein
92
which side of the heart has deoxygenated blood
right
93
name the large blood vessel that brings oxygenated blood out of the heart to the body
aorta
94
the function of heart valves
prevent back flow of blood
95
a method to unblock a coronary artery in the heart
stent
96
a drug that reduces blood cholesterol levels
statins
97
what can be used to replace a damaged heart valve
biological or mechanical valves
98
the function of the ribcage
protect the heart and lungs
99
what are communicable diseases
diseases caused by pathogens that can be transmitted from one individual to another
100
define pathogens
microorganisms that cause disease
101
define health
state of physical and mental wellbeing
102
four types of pathogens
bacteria
viruses
protists
fungi
103
how do bacteria make you ill
damage cells
produce toxins
104
how do viruses make you ill
reproduce inside body cells, causing damage
105
how can pathogens be spread
by air
droplet infection
direct contact
water
106
define binary fission
bacteria reproduction
107
what are antibiotics
chemicals used to kill bacteria inside human body
108
one method to prevent the spread of disease
isolation
maintain good hygene
destroy vectors
vaccination
109
a viral disease that leads to blindness and brain damage
measles
110
how can measles spread
droplet infection
111
how can AIDS be spread
sexual contact
exchange of bodily fluids
112
how can AIDS be treated
antiretroviral drugs to control it (not cure)
113
a viral disease in plants
tobacco mosaic virus
114
how does tobacco mosaic virus affect the plants
destroys chloroplasts = reduced photosynthesis
=stunted growth
115
which pathogen causes gonorrhoea
bacteria
116
how does gonorrhoea spread
sexual contact
117
symptom of gonorrhoea
yellow/green discharge from penis or vagina
pain on urination
118
how does your skin act as a defence against pathogen entry
barrier
antimicrobial secretions
microorganism layer
119
how does the trachea defend the body against pathogens
secrete mucus to trap pathogens
cilia move mucus to back of throat for swallowing
120
how does the stomach defend the body against pathogens
hydrochloric acid destroys microorganisms in mucus/food
121
3 way’s white blood cells defend the body
engulf pathogens
produce antibodies
produce antitoxins
122
what are antibodies
proteins that bind to specific antigens on pathogens
123
what are antigens
proteins on cell surface for recognition
124
define resolution
The ability to distinguish between two separate points
125
Which type of microscope has higher magnification and resolving power - Light or electron?
electron microscope
126
Why do we stain tissue samples before looking at them under the microscope?
to visualise/see structures clearly
127
how do you calculate magnification with a microscope
magnification = image/actual
128
what is the role of a nerve cell
carry electrical impulses
129
how have nerve cells adapted to their role
myelin sheath- insulation
very long
dendrites
synapses- neurotransmitters
130
what is the role of a muscle cell
movement
131
how have muscle cells adapted to their role
contract
mitochondria- energy
132
what is the role of a sperm cell
carry 1/2 DNA to fertilise the egg
133
how has the sperm cell adapted to its role
1/2 DNA
tail
mitochondria
134
what is the role of the root hair cell
absorbs water and minerals
135
how have root hair cells adapted to their role
large surface area
136
how have photosynthetic cells adapted to their role of photosynthesis
lots of chlorophyll
large surface area
large vacuole
137
what is the solute
the substance being dissolved
138
what is the solvent
the substance being dissolved into
139
what is the solution
the result of the solute and solvent
140
what is the type of cell division that produces egg and sperm cells
miosis
141
what evidence is used you study species that have become extinct
fossils
142
which hormones are given to women having IVF treatment
FSH and LH
143
name the target organ of the hormones used for IVF
ovaries
144
what are non-communicable diseases
non infectious diseases
cannot be transmitted
145
what does carcinogens mean
cancer causing diseases
for example: tobacco
146
what are benign tumours
growth of abnormal cells contained in one area
don’t invade other tissues
can become malignant if parts break off
147
what are malignant tumours
tumours that can spread to other parts of the body
148
what is a risk factor of developing cancer
smoking
obesity
common viruses
UV exposure
genetic factors
149
what are 2 ways to treat cancer
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
150
what is the carcinogen in tobacco smoke
tar
151
what does correlation mean
could be a link between variables
152
what does causal mean
definite link between variables
153
is photosynthesis endothermic or exothermic
endothermic
154
what is the equation for photosynthesis
carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen
155
what is cancer
an abnormal growth of cells
forms a mass of cells=tumor
156
causes of cancer:
lifestyle and choice:
alcohol
smoking
food intake
UV
genetics:
more inclined
157
what is the addictive substance in smoking
nicotine
158
what is the carcinogenic in smoking
tar
159
why shouldn’t you smoke when pregnant
contains carbon monoxide
making the baby oxygen deprived
leading to problems like premature, still borns, miscarriage and underweight babies
160
what does accuracy mean
close to the true value of
161
what does precise mean
values that are close together
162
what does a fair test mean
variables controlled
163
what is the required practical for testing for starch
get a leaf from a plant in sunlight and one from a plant in the dark
boil both leaves to kill them (stop photosynthesis)
put leaf into a test tube with ethanol
(ethanol boils at a low temperature) put test tube in boiling water for 10 mins
the ethanol removes chlorophyll (so you can see results)
test with iodine solution which tests for starch
if it contains starch- yellow brown to black ( one in sunlight
if it doesnt contain starch it will remain yellow
164
is aerobic respiration endothermic or exothermic
exothermic- released energy
165
what is the word equation for aerobic respiration
oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water
