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Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water from a high concentration to a low concentration

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2
Q

What hormone do Adrenals release

A

Adrenaline

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3
Q

What hormones do the testes release

A

Testosterone

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4
Q

What 2 hormones do the ovaries release

A

oestrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

What hormone does the thyroid release

A

Thyroxine

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6
Q

Define hormones

A

chemical messengers that are secreated into the bloodstream

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7
Q

What does the cytoplasm do

A

Where chemical reactions take place

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8
Q

What does the cell membrane do

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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9
Q

What does the nucleus do

A

Controls cell activity

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10
Q

What does the mitochondria do

A

aerobic respiration occurs and releases energy

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11
Q

What does the ribosomes do

A

where protein synthesis occurs

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12
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

A cell that contains a nucleus

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13
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell

A

A cell without a nucleus

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14
Q

What does a cilia cell do

A

Move fluids and particles up the trachea to be swallowed

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15
Q

What is a catalyst

A

A substance that speeds up a reaction, without being changed or used up

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16
Q

What are all the stages of mitosis

A

Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokenisis

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17
Q

What happens in Prophase

A

chromosomes are thickening
Spindles are forming

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18
Q

What happens in Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up in middle of cell
Spindles attach to chromosome
Nucleus dissapears

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19
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

Chromosomes separate from middle and become chromatids

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20
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Chromatids on opposite ends of cell
Nuclei forms on either end

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21
Q

What happens in cytokenisis

A

Splits into 2 daughter cells

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22
Q

What is the three domain system

A

archea, bacteria, eukarya

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23
Q

What is menstruation

A

the breakdown and loss of the lining of the uterus

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24
Q

What is ovulation

A

the release of an egg from the ovary

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25
Q

What happens on days 1-5 of the menstual cycle

A

menstuation, uterus lining breaks

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26
Q

What happens days 5-14 of the menstrual cycle

A

Uterus starts to thicken again

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27
Q

What happens on day 14 of the menstrual cycle

A

Ovulation, egg cell released from ovary

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28
Q

What happens day 28 of the menstrual cycle

A

The egg cell travels along the oviduct to the uterus

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29
Q

What do all organs need

A

Large Surface Area
Thin membrane
Good Capillary network

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30
Q

What does a large surface area have

A

many folds in the membrane
Short distance diffusion
Rate of diffusion is faster

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31
Q

What does a phagocyte do

A

Ingest and destroy pathogens

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32
Q

What does a lymphocyte do

A

Produce antibodies

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33
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

glucose and oxygen to produce energy

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34
Q

What is a parasite

A

an organism that gains benefit from another organism

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35
Q

What is an ecto-parasite

A

A parasite that lives on the outside of its host

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36
Q

What is an endo-parasite

A

A parasite that lives on the inside of its host

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37
Q

What is bio-diversity

A

A range of living things within a habitat

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38
Q

What is eutrophication

A

Where fertilizer run off from land goes into rivers and build up on lakes

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39
Q

Why is eutrophication bad

A

Lakes become clogged, cut-off of oxygen, plants and animals die
Blocks sunlight

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40
Q

What is an aquifier

A

an underground layer of rock which contains water, supplied to wells and springs

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41
Q

What is precipitation

A

water that is either rain, snow, sleet or hail

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42
Q

What is a producer

A

Organism that makes its own energy from photosynthesis (plants)

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43
Q

What is a primary consumer

A

Organisms that eat producers (herbivores)

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44
Q

What is a secondary consumer

A

Organisms that eat primary consumers (carnivores)

45
Q

Tertiary consumers

A

Organisms that eat secondary consumers (carnivores)

46
Q

What does potable mean

A

Safe to drink

47
Q

What do decomposers do

A

Breakdown waste and dead animals and plants

48
Q

What is the equation for glucose

A

C6 H12 O6

49
Q

What is combustion

A

Burning fossil fuels

50
Q

What does dilute mean

A

A solution with more water molecules than solutes

51
Q

what does concentrated in terms of osmosis mean

A

A solution with more solutes than water molecules

52
Q

What does it mean when a cell is flaccid

A

When water moves out of the cell

53
Q

What does it mean when a cell is turgid

A

When water moves in of the cell

54
Q

What is mitosis used for

A

Growth and repair

55
Q

What order do chromosomes replicates and divide in during mitosis

A

46,92,46

56
Q

What is meiosis

A

The cell division of Sex cells

57
Q

Where does meiosis occur

A

In the testes and ovaries

58
Q

What order do chromosomes replicate and divide in during meiosis

A

46,92,46,23

59
Q

How many daughter cells does mitosis have

A

2 daughter cells

60
Q

How many daughter cells does meiosis have

A

4 daughter cells

61
Q

How many times does mitosis divide

A

once

62
Q

How many times does meiosis divide

A

twice

63
Q

Is mitosis sexual or asexual reproduction

A

Asexual

64
Q

Is meiosis sexual or asexual reproduction

A

Sexual

65
Q

What does a nerve cell do

A

Sends electrical impulses around the body

65
Q

What does C.N.S stand for

A

Central Nervous System

66
Q

What is the C.N.S made up of

A

Brain
Spinal Chord
Nerves
Sense Organs

67
Q

What is a nucleotide made up of

A

Base, Sugar, Phosphate group

68
Q

What bonds DNA together

A

Hydrogen bonds

69
Q

What is selective breeding

A

Breeding 2 organisms to acquire the desired characteristics of an animal

70
Q

What neurones are there

A

Sensory
Relay
Motor

71
Q

What is the Sensory neurone responsible for

A

Receptors, (touch, smell, taste , hear, see

72
Q

What is the Relay neurone responsible for

A

Connects the Sensory and Motor Neurone together

73
Q

What is the Motor neurone responsible for

A

Movement to bring about a response

74
Q

What is an effector

A

A muscle/gland that carries out a response

75
Q

What is a receptor

A

Cells that detect change in the environment

76
Q

What does a myelin sheath do

A

Insulates electrical impulses so they can travel fast

77
Q

What uses are there for the products of fermentation

A

Alcohol
Yeast

78
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose + oxygen—) Carbon Dioxide + water (+energy)

79
Q

What is the word equation for Anaerobic respiration

A

No oxygen —) Glucose (+ lactic acid)

80
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration that occurs in plant and yeast cells

A

Glucose—) ethanol + Carbon Dioxide (+Energy)

81
Q

Why would a persons body carry out anaerobic respiration

A

A short burst of energy

82
Q

2 differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

Anaerobic produces lactic acid and aerobic does not

Aerobic produces co2 and anaerobic does not

83
Q

What is the primary function of DNA

A

Stores and transmits genetic information

84
Q

What are the 3 digestive enzymes

A

Amylase
Protease
Lipase

85
Q

What does amylase do

A

Breakdown starch into glucose

86
Q

What does Protease do

A

Breaks down proteins into amino acids

87
Q

What does Lipase do

A

Breaks down fat into glycerol and fatty acids

88
Q

What 2 places are digestive enzymes produced

A

Small intestines
Pancreas

89
Q

What do glands do

A

produce hormones that affect the function of organs to respond to changes in environment

90
Q

What is considered the “master gland”

A

The pituitary gland
produces hormones
controls other glands in endocrine system

91
Q

How does your body respond to high glucose levels

A

Pancreas secretes insulin into bloodstream which causes glucose to be absorbed into cells to be used for respiration

92
Q

What is excess glucose converted into

A

glycogen

93
Q

How does your body respond to low glucose levels

A

pancreas secretes glucagon causing the liver and muscles to convert glycogen back into glucose

94
Q

What does the hormone thyroxine do

A

secreted by thyroid which controls your body’s metabolic rate

95
Q

What does the hormone adrenaline do

A

released by adrenal glands which increases blood flow and breathing rate to prepare for fight or flight

96
Q

What does FSH stand for

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

96
Q

What are the four main hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

A

Progesterone
Oestrogen
FSH
LH

96
Q

What does LH stand for

A

Luteinising hormone

96
Q

What does Oestrogen do

A
  • causes uterus lining to thicken
  • Inhibits FSH so no more eggs mature until next cycle
  • Causes pituitary gland to secrete LH
96
Q

What does FSH do

A

Causes and egg to mature and ovaries to produce Oestrogen

97
Q

What does LH do

A
  • Causes egg to be released which starts to travel towards the uterus
97
Q

what does progesterone do

A
  • Secreted by the ovaries
  • Maintains uterus lining
97
Q

How do you estimate the population of an organism in a large area

A
  • place a 1m squared quadrat in randomly chosen locations in the area
  • count the number of organisms within#
  • calculate the mean number per metre squared and multiply by the total area to get final estimate
97
Q

how do humans impact biodiversity

A
  • Land is used for farming, quarrying and building (often deforrestation)
  • Peat bogs are used to make compost
98
Q

Describe the function of red blood cells

A
  • Transport oxygen to all cells in the body for respiration
  • Oxygen binds to the haemoglobin
99
Q

Which part of the blood transports insulin to its target organs?

A

Plasma

100
Q
A

Lessons (5 decks)

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