BIOLOGY

Question 1

is all about how living things inherit features from their parents.

Answer 1

Genetics

Question 2

ng things inherit features from their parents. These features, like eye color or height,

Answer 2

traits

Question 3

instructions for these traits are carried in special parts

Answer 3

genes

Question 4

The basic building blocks of heredity

Answer 4

genes

Question 5

“Genetics” means _________ in Greek

Answer 5

beginning

Question 6

Genesis means

Answer 6

beginning of a process.

Question 7

the entirety of an organism’s genetic material, or DNA is called

Answer 7

genome

Question 8

-was an Augustinian priest, botanist, and teacher.
-He was the first to establish the mathematical underpinnings of the field of genetics.

Answer 8

Gregor Johann Mendel

Question 9

He is also known as the father of modern Genetics.

Answer 9

Gregor Johann Mendel

Question 10

In the 1800s, Gregor Mendel used _____ research to determine how traits are inherited,

Answer 10

pea

Question 11

These are the basic units of heredity. They are made up of DNA, which contains the directions for building and maintaining an organism.

Answer 11

GENES

Question 12

are thread-like structures found inside the nucleus of most living cells. They are made up of DNA and protein, and they carry the genetic information that determines an organism’s traits.

Answer 12

CHROMOSOMES

Question 13

are different versions of a gene. They are like different directions for the same trait.

Answer 13

ALLELES

Question 14

is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It looks like a twisted ladder (double helix) and is found inside the nucleus of our cells.

Answer 14

DNA

Question 15

DNA means

Answer 15

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

Question 16

4 Nitrogenous base

Answer 16

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

Question 17

two main categories of nitrogenous bases

Answer 17

Purines
Pyrimidines

Question 18

Adenine always pairs with
______ in DNA

Answer 18

Thymine

Question 19

Guanine always pairs with

Answer 19

Cytosine

Question 20

sum of all biological processes

Answer 20

Heredity

Question 21

The study of how genes and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next

Answer 21

Genetics

Question 22

is a change in a sequence of your DNA

Answer 22

genetic mutation

Question 23

gives your cells the information they need to perform their functions

Answer 23

DNA sequence

Question 24

3 Types of Genetic Mutation

Answer 24

Deletion
Insertion
Substitution

Question 25

Extra base pair is deleted from a sequence

Answer 25

Deletion

Question 26

An extra base pair is added to a sequence of bases

Answer 26

Insertion

Question 27

Bases are swapped for different ones

Answer 27

Substitution

Question 28

Genetic mutations occur during _________.

Answer 28

Cell Division

Question 29

two types of cell division:

Answer 29

Mitosis Meiosis

Question 30

-The process of making new cells for your body. -During _______, your genes instruct your cells to split into two by making a copy of your chromosomes.

Answer 30

Mitosis

Question 31

-The process of making egg and sperm cells for the next generation. -During _______, chromosomes copy themselves with half the amount of chromosomes as the original

Answer 31

Meiosis

Question 32

describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.

Answer 32

The dogma of molecular genetics

Question 33

dogma of molecular was proposed by __________ of the discoveries of the structure of DNA in 1958.

Answer 33

Francis Crickcome

Question 34

follows a semi conservative process to accurately duplicate the genetic material.

Answer 34

DNA replication

Question 35

To begin transcribing a gene

Answer 35

Initiation

Question 36

RNA polymerase binds to the DNA of the gene at a region called

Answer 36

Promoter

Question 37

the promoter tells the polymerase where to "________" on the DNA and begin transcribing.

Answer 37

sit down

Question 38

also known as promoter escape, is the process by which RNA polymerase leaves the promoter region to begin elongation, the phase of transcription where the RNA chain is extended.

Answer 38

Promoter Clearance

Question 39

After the promoter clearance stage, the RNA polymerase proceeds with ___________. During this phase, the RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand, synthesizing the RNA molecule.

Answer 39

Elongantion and Terminantion

Question 40

Transcription: DNA to RNA

Answer 40

1. initiation 2. Promoter clearance 3. Elongation and Termination

Question 41

Menthylated guanosine caps protect the 5'end of the mRNA

Answer 41

RNA Capping

Question 42

Introns are removed,and exon are spliced to produce mature mRNA

Answer 42

RNA Splicing

Question 43

The addition of a polya - tail enchances mRNA stability and translatability.

Answer 43

Polyadenylation

Question 44

The cellular machinery where translation occurs

Answer 44

Ribosome

Question 45

Building blocks of proteins encoded by mRNA.

Answer 45

Amino Acid

Question 46

Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome

Answer 46

tRNA

Question 47

Forms between amino acids during proteins synthesis

Answer 47

Peptide Bond

Question 48

REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

Answer 48

1.Transcriptional Control- 2.Post- Transcriptional Control- 3.Translational Control -

Question 49

EXCEPTIONS TO THE CENTRAL DOGMA

Answer 49

Reverse Transcription RNA Editing Prions

Question 50

Intiation, Elongation,and Terminantion are regulated at the RNA synthesis stage

Answer 50

Transcriptional Control

Question 51

RNA stability and transport are regulated after transcription

Answer 51

Post- Transcriptional Control

Question 52

Regulation of initiation, elongation,and Terminantion of translation

Answer 52

Translational Control

Question 53

Conversion of RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase enzymes

Answer 53

Reverse Transcription

Question 54

Alternation of RNA sequence by insertion,deletion,or modification

Answer 54

RNA Editing

Question 55

Infections proteins that cause misfolding of normal cellular proteins

Answer 55

Prions

Question 56

is a field that uses genetic principles to solve real-world problems in fields like agriculture, medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science, utilizing genetic information and techniques.

Answer 56

Applied genetics

Question 57

Is a process in which humans selectively breeds offspring with desirable traits, such as dogs for specific tasks or fruit bred for sweetness.

Answer 57

SELECTIVE BREEDING

Question 58

is a process of breeding or crossing genetically related parents over many generations. Closely related individuals such as siblings

Answer 58

INBREEDING

Question 59

In a small population, matings between relatives are common. This inbreeding may lower the population’s ability to survive and reproduce, it is a phenomenon called

Answer 59

inbreeding depression.

Question 60

is mating between very distantly related individuals

Answer 60

Outbreeding

Question 61

is performed to determine the genotype of an unidentified dominant individual

Answer 61

Test Cross

Question 62

It is the intentional mating of two distinct individuals from one another or other species to induce changes in the organisms

Answer 62

HYBRIDIZATION

Question 63

This is a reliable way for raising specific allele frequency. Inserting a short DNA segment into a different species results in

Answer 63

Recombinant DNA

Question 64

3 STEPS TO MAKE A TRANSGENIC ORGANISM

Answer 64

ISOLATION OF FOREIGN DNA: ATTACH DNA FRAGMENT TO A VECTO TRANSFER OF VECTOR INTO HOST ORGANISM

Question 65

APPLICATIONS OF DNA TECHNOLOGY

Answer 65

INDUSTRY MEDICINE AGRICULTURE

Question 66

a type of genetic engineering that produces identical duplicates of an organism from a single cell, which has been utilized for reforestation in trees and, more recently, in animals

Answer 66

Cloning

Question 67

was cloned using nuclear transfer from three female sheep. The udder cell of a Finn Dorset was put into an enucleated egg cell from a Scottish blackface sheep, producing a Finn Dorset offspring

Answer 67

Dolly

Question 68

arise from mutations or insufficient genetic material, affecting genes, which are DNA-based instructions for cell activity and distinguishing features

Answer 68

Genetics Illnesses

Question 69

His research in 1865 marked the beginning of genetics as a scientific field.

Answer 69

Gregor Mendel

Question 70

This set of disorders result from a single gene mutation

Answer 70

Single -gene (monogenic)

Question 71

These illnesses result from a mix of gene mutations and other causes.

Answer 71

Complex (multifactorial)

Question 72

This type affects the structures that house your genes/DNA within each cell (chromosomes). People with these disorders are either missing or have double chromosomes.

Answer 72

Chromosomal

Question 73

What are the causes of genetic Disorders

Answer 73

Chemical Exposure Radiation Exposure Smoking UV Exposure from the sun

Question 74

modifies the instructions in a gene that are responsible for creating proteins

Answer 74

mutation

Question 75

Proposed the five-kingdom classification​

Answer 75

Robert Whittaker​

Question 76

He classified organisms into two kingdoms

Answer 76

Carl Linnaeus