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Reviewer:/ > BIOLOGY > Flashcards

BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

is all about how living things inherit features from their parents.

A

Genetics

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2
Q

ng things inherit features from their parents. These features, like eye color or height,

A

traits

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3
Q

instructions for these traits are carried in special parts

A

genes

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4
Q

The basic building blocks of heredity

A

genes

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5
Q

“Genetics” means _________ in Greek

A

beginning

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6
Q

Genesis means

A

beginning of a process.

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7
Q

the entirety of an organism’s genetic material, or DNA is called

A

genome

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8
Q

-was an Augustinian priest, botanist, and teacher.
-He was the first to establish the mathematical underpinnings of the field of genetics.

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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9
Q

He is also known as the father of modern Genetics.

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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10
Q

In the 1800s, Gregor Mendel used _____ research to determine how traits are inherited,

A

pea

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11
Q

These are the basic units of heredity. They are made up of DNA, which contains the directions for building and maintaining an organism.

A

GENES

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12
Q

are thread-like structures found inside the nucleus of most living cells. They are made up of DNA and protein, and they carry the genetic information that determines an organism’s traits.

A

CHROMOSOMES

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13
Q

are different versions of a gene. They are like different directions for the same trait.

A

ALLELES

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14
Q

is a molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms. It looks like a twisted ladder (double helix) and is found inside the nucleus of our cells.

A

DNA

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15
Q

DNA means

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

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16
Q

4 Nitrogenous base

A

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

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17
Q

two main categories of nitrogenous bases

A

Purines
Pyrimidines

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18
Q

Adenine always pairs with
______ in DNA

A

Thymine

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19
Q

Guanine always pairs with

A

Cytosine

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20
Q

sum of all biological processes

A

Heredity

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21
Q

The study of how genes and how traits are passed down from one generation to the next

A

Genetics

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22
Q

is a change in a sequence of your DNA

A

genetic mutation

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23
Q

gives your cells the information they need to perform their functions

A

DNA sequence

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24
Q

3 Types of Genetic Mutation

A

Deletion
Insertion
Substitution

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25
Q

Extra base pair is deleted from a sequence

A

Deletion

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26
Q

An extra base pair is added to a sequence of bases

A

Insertion

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27
Q

Bases are swapped for different ones

A

Substitution

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28
Q

Genetic mutations occur during _________.

A

Cell Division

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29
Q

two types of cell division:

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

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30
Q

-The process of making new cells for your body.
-During _______, your genes instruct your cells to split into two by making a copy of your chromosomes.

A

Mitosis

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31
Q

-The process of making egg and sperm cells for the next generation.
-During _______, chromosomes copy themselves with half the amount of chromosomes as the original

A

Meiosis

32
Q

describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins.

A

The dogma of molecular genetics

33
Q

dogma of molecular was proposed by __________ of the discoveries of the structure of DNA in 1958.

A

Francis Crickcome

34
Q

follows a semi conservative process to accurately duplicate the genetic material.

A

DNA replication

35
Q

To begin transcribing a gene

A

Initiation

36
Q

RNA polymerase binds to the DNA of the gene at a region called

A

Promoter

37
Q

the promoter tells the polymerase where to “________” on the DNA and begin transcribing.

A

sit down

38
Q

also known as promoter escape, is the process by which RNA polymerase leaves the promoter region to begin elongation, the phase of transcription where the RNA chain is extended.

A

Promoter Clearance

39
Q

After the promoter clearance stage, the RNA
polymerase proceeds with ___________. During this phase, the
RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template strand,
synthesizing the RNA molecule.

A

Elongantion and Terminantion

40
Q

Transcription: DNA to RNA

A
  1. initiation
  2. Promoter clearance
  3. Elongation and Termination
41
Q

Menthylated guanosine caps protect the 5’end of the mRNA

A

RNA Capping

42
Q

Introns are removed,and exon are spliced to produce mature mRNA

A

RNA Splicing

43
Q

The addition of a polya - tail enchances mRNA stability and translatability.

A

Polyadenylation

44
Q

The cellular machinery where translation occurs

A

Ribosome

45
Q

Building blocks of proteins encoded by mRNA.

A

Amino Acid

46
Q

Transfer RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome

A

tRNA

47
Q

Forms between amino acids during proteins synthesis

A

Peptide Bond

48
Q

REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

A

1.Transcriptional Control-
2.Post- Transcriptional Control-
3.Translational Control -

49
Q

EXCEPTIONS TO THE CENTRAL DOGMA

A

Reverse Transcription
RNA Editing
Prions

50
Q

Intiation, Elongation,and Terminantion are regulated at the RNA synthesis stage

A

Transcriptional Control

51
Q

RNA stability and transport are regulated after transcription

A

Post- Transcriptional Control

52
Q

Regulation of initiation, elongation,and Terminantion of translation

A

Translational Control

53
Q

Conversion of RNA to DNA
by reverse transcriptase
enzymes

A

Reverse Transcription

54
Q

Alternation of RNA sequence by insertion,deletion,or modification

A

RNA Editing

55
Q

Infections proteins that cause misfolding of normal cellular proteins

A

Prions

56
Q

is a field that uses genetic principles to solve real-world problems in fields like agriculture, medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science, utilizing genetic information and techniques.

A

Applied genetics

57
Q

Is a process in which humans selectively breeds offspring with desirable traits, such as dogs for specific tasks or fruit bred for sweetness.

A

SELECTIVE BREEDING

58
Q

is a process of breeding or crossing genetically related parents over many generations. Closely related individuals such as siblings

A

INBREEDING

59
Q

In a small population, matings between relatives are common. This inbreeding may lower the population’s ability to survive and reproduce, it is a phenomenon called

A

inbreeding depression.

60
Q

is mating between very distantly related individuals

A

Outbreeding

61
Q

is performed to determine the genotype of an unidentified dominant individual

A

Test Cross

62
Q

It is the intentional mating of two distinct individuals from one another or other species to induce changes in the organisms

A

HYBRIDIZATION

63
Q

This is a reliable way for raising specific allele frequency. Inserting a short DNA segment into a different species results in

A

Recombinant DNA

64
Q

3 STEPS TO MAKE A TRANSGENIC ORGANISM

A

ISOLATION OF FOREIGN DNA:

ATTACH DNA FRAGMENT TO A VECTO

TRANSFER OF VECTOR INTO HOST ORGANISM

65
Q

APPLICATIONS OF DNA TECHNOLOGY

A

INDUSTRY
MEDICINE
AGRICULTURE

66
Q

a type of genetic engineering that produces identical duplicates of an organism from a single cell, which has been utilized for reforestation in trees and, more recently, in animals

A

Cloning

67
Q

was cloned using nuclear transfer from three female sheep. The udder cell of a Finn Dorset was put into an enucleated egg cell from a Scottish blackface sheep, producing a Finn Dorset offspring

A

Dolly

68
Q

arise from mutations or insufficient genetic material, affecting genes, which are DNA-based instructions for cell activity and distinguishing features

A

Genetics Illnesses

69
Q

His research in 1865 marked the beginning of genetics as a scientific field.

A

Gregor Mendel

70
Q

This set of disorders result from a single gene mutation

A

Single -gene (monogenic)

71
Q

These illnesses result from a mix of gene mutations and other causes.

A

Complex (multifactorial)

72
Q

This type affects the structures that house your genes/DNA within each cell (chromosomes). People with these disorders are either missing or have double chromosomes.

A

Chromosomal

73
Q

What are the causes of genetic Disorders

A

Chemical Exposure
Radiation Exposure
Smoking
UV Exposure from the sun

74
Q

modifies the instructions in a gene that are responsible for creating proteins

A

mutation

75
Q

Proposed the five-kingdom classification​

A

Robert Whittaker​

76
Q

He classified organisms into two kingdoms

A

Carl Linnaeus

77
Q
A

Reviewer:/ (7 decks)

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