biology

Question 1

what are glucose two isomers

Answer 1

alpha glucose and beta glucose

Question 2

what is an isomer

Answer 2

molecules with the same molecular formula as each other but the atoms are connected to each other in a different way.

Question 3

what is hydrolysis reaction

Answer 3

breaking chemical bonds of large molecules to smaller components by using water

Question 4

amylose structure

Answer 4

long unbranched chain of alpha glucose. coil structure, compact and easy to store and fit into small spaces.

Question 5

amylopectin structure

Answer 5

long branched chain of alpha glucose. side branches allow enzymes to get to the glycosidic bonds, glucose released quickly.

Question 6

starch adaptations

Answer 6

starch is insoluble in water and doesn’t affect water potential because it doesn’t cause water to enter the cell by osmosis, which would make it swell.

Question 7

cellulose structure.

Answer 7

made up of long , unbranched chains of beta glucose. when b glucose molecules bond they form straight cellulose chains. linked together by hydrogen bonds to form strong fibres called microfibers.

Question 8

glycogen structure

Answer 8

long very branched chain., compact so good for storage.

Question 9

what is a triglyceride made up of

Answer 9

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

Question 10

how is a triglyceride formed.

Answer 10

a condensation reaction which is the removal of water.

Question 11

reducing sugar

Answer 11

a sugar that can give electrons to other substances to reduce them, getting oxidised.

Question 12

non reducing sugars

Answer 12

no free aldehyde so it cant act as a reducing agent

Question 13

what are the 20 amino acids

Answer 13

alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine

Question 14

what are amino acids made up of

Answer 14

amino group, r group(side chains, variable), carboxylic group

Question 15

what are phospholipids made up of

Answer 15

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate group.

Question 16

phosphate head

Answer 16

hydrophilic and polar

Question 17

2 fatty acid tails

Answer 17

non polar, hydrophilic so face inwards.

Question 18

R group

Answer 18

gives each amino acids its chemical properties

Question 19

4 levels of protein formation

Answer 19

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

Question 20

primary

Answer 20

order of amino acids, combinations and numbers, pleated sheets.

Question 21

secondary

Answer 21

helix structure, can form because of hydrogen bonding’s.

Question 22

tertiary

Answer 22

folds, twists and overlaps. now a protein

Question 23

quaternary

Answer 23

proteins interacting, two or more chains .

Question 24

induced model

Answer 24

active site changes shape as substrate binds. this distorts bond leading to a reaction to lower activation energy. some proteins change their shape (conformation)

Question 25

specific enzymes

Answer 25

eg. maltose is hydrolysed by maltase

Question 26

limiting factors of enzyme action

Answer 26

enzyme conc, substrate conc, temp, pH, conc of inhibitors.

Question 27

substrate conc

Answer 27

fast reaction but if it reaches a high saturation point of substrates, reaction rate slows down as too many substrates for the enzymes.

Question 28

pH

Answer 28

extreme pH levels- denaturation. active site distorted. change in ionisation will affect binding of the substrate to the active site

Question 29

pepsin

Answer 29

stomach enzyme to digest protein-acidic

Question 30

temperature

Answer 30

at high temp, enzymes denature. optimum temp for enzyme action will be a balance between Q10 and denaturation.

Question 31

trypsin

Answer 31

small intestine , aids with protein digestion . alkaline

Question 32

Q10

Answer 32

the increase in reaction rate with a 10 C rise in temp.

Question 33

reversible inhibitors

Answer 33

can be washed by dialysis

Question 33

non reversible inhibitors

Answer 33

can not be reversed or taken out

Question 34

competitive

Answer 34

compete with substrate to bind with the active site, resembles substrate shape, action proportional to conc. takes free enzymes, so substrate can bind, rate decreases

Question 35

non competitive

Answer 35

bind to allosteric site, changing the shape of tertiary structure. active site changes shape, substrate cant bind, rate decreases.(usually reversible)

Question 36

chelation

Answer 36

type of bonding of ions and their molecules to metal ions. it is used as treatment for lead and mercury posioning.

Question 37

applications of inhibitors

Answer 37

negative feedback, poisons,

Question 38

inhibitors control ofmetabolic pathway

Answer 38

by regulating the activity of enzymes in response to the concentration of products within a pathway. In negative feedback, the end product of a metabolic pathway can inhibit an earlier step in the pathway

Question 39

DNA function

Answer 39

hold genetic information

Question 40

RNA function

Answer 40

transfers genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

Question 41

ribosomes function

Answer 41

receive and read info sent to them

Question 42

DNA RNA

Answer 42

polymers of nucleotides

Question 43

DNA 4 organic bases

Answer 43

adenine thymine cytosine guanine

Question 44

RNA 4 organic bases

Answer 44

adenine uracil cytosine guanine

Question 45

RNA structure

Answer 45

1 nucleotide chain

Question 46

DNA structure

Answer 46

2 poly nucleotide chains, help by H bonds

Question 47

what is a nucleotide made up of

Answer 47

phosphate , penrose sugar, nitrogen base

Question 48

purine bases

Answer 48

adenine and guanine

Question 49

pyramedine bases

Answer 49

cytosine thymine and uracil

Question 50

DNA adaptations

Answer 50

stable. 2 strands can separate so it can self replicate . base pairing prevent corruption . large molecule , lots of into stored

Question 51

DNA replication

Answer 51

during the S stage in the cell cycle . during interphase of mitosis and meiosis. this is so when the cell divides the daughter cells will contain the correct amount of genetic material

Question 52

semi conservative method of replication

Answer 52

original DNA unwound. split by enzyme. each strand acts as a template for synthesis of a new complimentary strand

Question 53

semi conservative replication forming ..

Answer 53

two new molecules , each DNA molecule consists of one parent strand and a new strand

Question 54

genes

Answer 54

instructions that call for proteins

Question 55

functions of water

Answer 55

takes a lot of heat energy to increase temp of liquid water by 1C , this is because hydrogen bonds are broken

Question 56

functions of water

Answer 56

takes a lot of heat energy to increase temp of liquid water by 1C , this is because hydrogen bonds are broken

Question 57

high SHC

Answer 57

gives thermal stability

Question 58

high latent heat of evaporation

Answer 58

takes a lot of energy to break hydrogen bonds.

Question 59

water

Answer 59

can act like a coolant. water in liquid form is more dense than in solid form. when freezing occurs, water molecules have to spread out, this causes a crystal / lattice structure which traps air in.

Question 60

water

Answer 60

can act like a coolant. water in liquid form is more dense than in solid form. when freezing occurs, water molecules have to spread out, this causes a crystal / lattice structure which traps air in.

Question 61

ice

Answer 61

floats on the top of water creating an insulating layer

Question 62

solvent

Answer 62

ions soluble in water as they are charged and water is polar

Question 63

solvent

Answer 63

electrostatic attraction between ions and water molecules forming hydrogen bonds

Question 64

anabolic

Answer 64

need energy to assemble small molecules