biology Flashcards
respiration (132 cards)
1
Q
name one type of energy stored in foods and the measurements used?
A
chemical energy and KJ
2
Q
a method to measure energy in food?
A
burn food under water in a boiling tube and measure temp after
3
Q
what is ATP?
A
ATP is a high energy compound able to release and store energy where it is needed in the cell
4
Q
the mitochondrion is the site of?
A
ATP production
5
Q
cells requiring more energy have more____?
A
mitochondria
6
Q
energy released from glucose is used to____?
A
synthesis ATP from ADP
7
Q
what is respiration?
A
chemical energy stored in glucose being released by a series of enzyme controlled reactions
8
Q
difference between aerobic respiration and fermentation?
A
aerobic respiration has 0xygene fermentation does not
9
Q
uses of respiration energy?
A
heat, muscle cell contraction, cell division, synthesis of proteins, transmission of nerve impulses
10
Q
what is the first stage of respiration called?
A
glycolysis
11
Q
what does glycolysis involve?
A
breakdown of glucose into pyruvate with the release of 2 molecules of ATP
12
Q
what happens in the second stage of aerobic respiration ?
A
Oxygen is added to pyruvate to produce CO2 , water and 36ATPs
13
Q
what are the waste products of aerobic respiration?
A
water and carbon dioxide
14
Q
when does fermentation occur?
A
when no oxygen is present
15
Q
what is the useful product in aerobic respiration in animal and plant cells?
A
ATP
16
Q
in the absence of oxygen animal cells convert the pyruvate made in glycolysis into to what waste product?
A
lactate
17
Q
what is the effect build up of lactate?
A
muscles feel sore and fatigue
18
Q
lactate build up is reversed when what is available?
A
oxygen
19
Q
in the absence of oxygen plant and yeast cells irreversibly convert pyruvate made in glycolysis into what? and what is this called?
A
ethanol and carbon dioxide waste products
this is called fermentation
20
Q
where does respiration begin?
A
cytoplasm
21
Q
where is the process of fermentation completed?
A
cytoplasm
22
Q
where is aerobic respiration completed?
A
mitochondria
23
Q
State the function of mitochondria
A
site of aerobic respiration
24
Q
State the function of ribosomes
A
site of protein synthesis
25
Name 3 things plants cells have that animal cells do not
chloroplast
cell wall
vacuole
26
What is the circular strand of DNA in a bacterial cell called?
Plasmid
27
What are all living things composed of?
Cells
28
What are all structures known as?
Organelles
29
what is yeast?
a single celled fungus
30
Describe the structure of the cell membrane
Fluid mosaic model
31
What does selectively permeable mean?
only certain molecules can enter the cell membrane
32
What is the definition of diffusion?
movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient until they are evenly dispersed
33
Why is diffusion important for cells?
to gain raw materials for respiration and photosynthesis and to remove waste products
34
How is osmosis different from diffusion?
osmosis involves moving across a selectively permeable membrane
35
What is the meaning of turgid?
turgid means the cell is overfilled but still intact because of the cell wall
36
What does Plasmolysed mean?
this means the cell has to little water leaving in like an un inflated balloon
37
Give 2 examples of passive transport
diffusion and osmosis
38
What does active transport require?
energy
39
Why is active transport required?
so that carrier proteins in the cell membrane can move to transport substances
40
What does DNA carry?
genetic information for making proteins
41
What does the order of DNA bases determine?
the amino acid sequence
42
What does the sequence of amino acids determine?
the protein that will be produced
43
What do structural proteins include?
keratin which is found in skin hair and nails
44
What do hormones act as?
chemical messengers
45
What do antibodies aid in?
fight against infection
46
State 2 substances made in genetic engineering
insulin, Factor VIII, Human growth hormone
47
What do enzymes do in genetic engineering?
cut open cell and plasmid
48
state an advantage and disadvantage of genetic engineering
dis=cost
ad=production of insulin
49
What do catalysts do?
increase the rate of reaction
50
state 2 properties of catalysts
lower energy input required and remain unchanged after
51
What happens at the end of an enzyme reaction?
the product detaches from the active site leaving the enzyme unaltered
52
Give 2 examples of a degradation enzyme
amylase catalase
53
what are optimum conditions for enzymes
temp=37
PH=5-9
54
55
How do microorganisms grow
Cell division
56
Why is cell division good for repair
Replacing damaged cells with new ones
57
What does cell division repair
Cuts, broken bones
58
What are chromosomes
Threads of DNA which contain genetic information
59
What is the chromosome complament
Specific fixed number of chromosomes per cell
60
What is the difference between haploid and diploid
Diploid cells have 2 matching sets of chromosomes( full chromosome compliment )
Haploid cells have 1 set of chromosomes( half of chromosome compliment )
61
What is mitosis
Mitosis is the mechanism of cell division which results in 2 cells which have the same chromosome complament
62
What happens as a result of mitosis
The parent cell produces 2 identical daughter cells
63
In the 2 identical daughter cells what number of chromosomes do they have
The same
64
What is the first stage of mitosis
This stage involves the chromosomes copying themselves to form 2 CHROMATIDS. They are difficult to see in nuclease
65
What is the second stage of mitosis
The chromosomes shorten and thicken. The 2 chromatids are joined together by a point called the centromere
66
What is the 3rd stage of mitosis
Towards the end of this phase the membrane, surrounding the nuclease disintegrates. SPINDLE FIBRES form and become attached to the chromosomes ( each now 2 chromatids ) At the centromeres the chromosomes are arranged at the equator of the cell.
67
What happens in the 4th stage of mitosis
The chromatids are pulled apart. The chromatids are now called chromosomes The chromosomes move to opposite ends (poles) of the cell
68
5th stage of mitosis
A nuclear membrane forms round each set of separated chromosomes and the cytoplasm and membrane divide
69
6th stage of mitosis
Two identical daughter cells have been formed
70
What are stem cells
Unspecialised cells found in all animals which have the ability to divide to produce either new stem cells ( self renewal ) or different types of specialised cells
71
What are stem cells involved in
Growth and repair
72
Where are stem cells found
Embryos or tissue
73
What is a cell
Basic units of life all different types
74
What is tissue
Groups of cells work together to form tissue
75
What is an organ
Groups of tissues work together to form organs
76
What do cells in multicellular organisms do
Become specialised to perform particular functions
77
2 examples of specialised cells in animals
Red blood cell, elicited epithelia cell
78
2 specialised plant cells
Root hair cell, palsied mesophyll cell
79
What are the only cells that aren’t dipliod
Gametes
80
Name all the structures of a female gamete in animals
Oviduct, ovary, vagina, uterus
81
Name all the structures in an animal male gamete
Sperm duct, testes, urethra, penis
82
What ate the female gametes in plants
Ovary, ovule,
83
Male gametes in plants
Anther, stigma, pollen
84
What is fertilisation
The fusion of the nuclei of two haploid gametes to produce a diploid zygote which divides to form an embryo
85
What is varation
Is the differences that occur between individuals of the same species
86
What is continuous variation
Continuous variation can be measured and varies from a minimum to a maximum
87
What is discrete variation
Can be dived into groups not measured
88
3 examples pf continuous variation
Height, weight, hand span
89
3 examples of discrete variation
Ability to tongue roll, blood group, dimples
90
What does single gene inheritance show
Discrete variation
91
What does polygenic inheritance show
Continuous variation( controlled by more than one gene)
92
What are genes
Units of inheritance that control characteristics
93
What is an allele
Different versions pf the same gene
94
What is genotype
The alleles which an organism passes( gene ex Tt )
95
Phenotype is?
Physical characteristics/ apperence
96
What is recessive?
Need both genes e.g. aa
97
What is dominant?
Only need one gene copy e.g. Tt or TT
98
What does homozygous mean
If two alleles of a gene are the same
99
What is heterozygous?
If the two alleles are diffrent
100
Why may actual ratios differ from predicted ratios
Because fermentation is a random process
101
What are the 3 main organs in a plant transport system
Root, stem, leaves
102
What is a roots function
Anchor plant in cell, absorb water and minerals, store food
103
What is the stems function
Contains xylem and phloem, connect leaves, support plant
104
What are leaves finction
Photosynthesis
105
What are the key structures involved in transport in plants
Xylem and phloem
106
What does the xylem do
Carry’s water and minerals up from the soil to the leaves for photosynthesis
107
How is the xylems structure suited to its function
The hollow tubes made from dead cells joined end to end forming continuous tubes allows uninterrupted water flow , lignin allows structural support and no cytoplasm or nuclease allows space for water transport
108
How is phloem tissue suited to function
No nuclease, vacuole and minimal cytoplasm maximises space for transport and reduces resistance to flow, thin cells walls allows flexibility and interaction with surrounding tissues
109
What are factors affecting transpirtation
Wind speed, humidity, temperature, surface area
110
Name the 3 components of blood
Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
111
What does blood transport
Nutrients, oxygen and carbon dioxide
112
What are the specialised features of a red blood cell
No nuclease, for more oxygen special pigment called haemoglobin- combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin. When blood reaches capillary’s oxyhemoglobin quickly releases oxygen which diffuses into cell, disc shape
113
What do white blood cells do
Destroy pathogens
114
Name the 2 main types pf blood cells
Lymphocytes - produce antibodies which destroy pathogens( each antibody is specific to a particular pathogen
Phagocytes - carry out phagocytes by engulfing and digesting pathogens
115
116
What are pathogens
Disease causing micro organisms ( bacterial, virus, fungal)
117
Right atruim
Receives de oxygenated blood from the body via vena cava pumps blood into right ventricle
118
Right venticle
Pumps depxytganeted blood to the lungs via pulmonary artery
119
Left ventricle
Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium pumps blood around the body via aorta
120
Left atruim
Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs, pumps blood to left ventricle
121
Valves
Prevent back flow of blood
122
Aorta
Main artery leaving heart, carries oxygenated blood to the body
123
Vena cava
Main vein returning to the heart, carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart
124
Pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
125
Pulmonary vein
Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atruim
126
Coronary artery
Supply the heart itself with oxygenated blood, branch from aorta and spread over heart
127
How is blood carried around the body
Blood vessels
128
What are the different types of blood vessels
Arteries capillaries veins
129
Pulmonary artery
Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to lungs
130
Pulmonary vein
Carries oxygenated blood from lungs to left atruim
131
Coronary artery
Supply heart with blood start from aorta and spread around heart
132
What are the 3 types of blood vessels
Arteries, capillaries , veins
