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1
Q

What does magnesium do in plants?

A

Helps make chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis.

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2
Q

How can magnesium deficiency be fixed?

A

Use magnesium-rich fertilisers like Epsom salts.

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2
Q

What do nitrates do in plants?

A

Provide nitrogen to make proteins for growth.

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2
Q

What are magnesium deficiency symptoms?

A

Yellowing between veins in older leaves.

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3
Q

How to fix nitrate deficiency?

A

Use nitrate fertilisers or compost.

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3
Q

What are nitrate deficiency symptoms?

A

Yellow leaves, stunted growth.

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4
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

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5
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

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6
Q

What does xylem do?

A

Transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.

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7
Q

What does phloem do?

A

Transports sugars from leaves to the rest of the plant.

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8
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from a high to low concentration.

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9
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a high to low concentration through a semi-permeable membrane.

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10
Q

What is one issue caused by increased CO2?

A

Global warming/climate change

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11
Q

What do CFCs cause?

A

Ozone layer depletion

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12
Q

What is excretion?

A

The removal of metabolic waste from the body.

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13
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic instructions.

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14
Q

What are genes?

A

Sections of DNA that code for characteristics.

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15
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Coiled structures made of DNA; humans have 46.

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16
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilised egg cell.

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17
Q

What is an embryo?

A

A developing group of cells (up to 8 weeks).

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18
Q

What is a fetus?

A

The stage of development after embryo, looks more like a baby.

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19
Q

What is variation?

A

Differences between individuals.

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20
Q

What is overproduction?

A

More offspring produced than environment can support.

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21
Q

What is competition?

A

Struggle for limited resources.

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22
What is adaptation?
A trait that helps survival.
23
What is survival of the fittest?
Best-adapted individuals survive and reproduce.
24
What is reproduction and inheritance?
Successful traits are passed on to offspring.
25
Why is maternal health important during pregnancy?
It affects the baby's development and health.
26
What can smoking cause during pregnancy?
Low birth weight, lung issues.
27
What can alcohol/drugs cause in pregnancy?
Birth defects, developmental issues.
28
What are the steps of crystallisation?
1. Heat the solution gently until some solvent evaporates. 2. Allow to cool and form crystals. 3. Filter to collect crystals. 4. Dry them.
29
What happens in a neutralisation reaction?
An acid reacts with a base to form a salt and water
30
What is the general equation for acid + base?
Acid + base → salt + water
31
What is the general equation for metal + acid?
Metal + acid → salt + hydrogen
32
What is the general equation for metal + oxygen?
Metal + oxygen → metal oxide
33
What is the general equation for metal carbonate + acid?
Metal carbonate + acid → salt + carbon dioxide + water
34
What is an example of metal + oxygen?
Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
35
What is an example of metal + acid?
Zinc + hydrochloric acid → zinc chloride + hydrogen
36
What is an example of acid + base?
Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water
37
What is an example of metal carbonate + acid?
Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid → calcium chloride + carbon dioxide + water
38
What is a displacement reaction?
A more reactive metal displaces a less reactive metal from its salt solution.
39
Give an example of a displacement reaction.
Iron + copper sulfate → iron sulfate + copper
40
What salt is formed with hydrochloric acid?
Chloride (Cl−)
41
What salt is formed with nitric acid?
Nitrate (NO3−)
42
What salt is formed with sulfuric acid?
Sulfate (SO4²−)
43
What salt is formed with carbonic acid?
Carbonate (CO3²−)
44
What salt is formed with phosphoric acid?
Phosphate (PO4³−)
45
What are the factors that affect the rate of reaction?
Temperature, concentration, surface area, use of a catalyst
46
What does magnesium do in plants?
Helps make chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis.
47
What are magnesium deficiency symptoms?
Yellowing between veins in older leaves.
48
How can magnesium deficiency be fixed?
Use magnesium-rich fertilisers like Epsom salts.
49
What do nitrates do in plants?
Provide nitrogen to make proteins for growth.
50
What are nitrate deficiency symptoms?
Yellow leaves, stunted growth.
51
How to fix nitrate deficiency?
Use nitrate fertilisers or compost.
52
What is transpiration in plants?
The loss of water vapour from the leaves through the stomata.
53
What is the human excretory system?
A system that removes waste products produced by metabolism.
54
What are the main parts of the excretory system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
55
What are gametes?
Reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
56
What are genes?
Sections of DNA that code for characteristics.
56
What is fertilisation?
The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
57
What is DNA?
Deoxyribonucleic acid, carries genetic instructions.
58
What is the carbon cycle?
The process by which carbon moves between the atmosphere, living organisms, oceans, and the earth.
58
How does carbon enter the atmosphere?
Through respiration, combustion, and decay of organisms.
59
What role do animals play in the carbon cycle?
Animals eat plants (transferring carbon) and release CO2 through respiration.
60
How is carbon removed from the atmosphere?
Through photosynthesis by plants and dissolved in oceans.
61
What role do decomposers play in the carbon cycle?
They break down dead matter and release CO2 through decay.
62
How does combustion affect the carbon cycle?
It releases stored carbon (from fossil fuels) into the atmosphere as CO2.
63
What human activities disrupt the carbon cycle?
Deforestation, burning fossil fuels, and industrial emissions.

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