Biology

Question 1

What is the largest and most inclusive category in the hierarchic organizational system of biology?

Answer 1

Kingdom

Question 2

What is the smallest and most restrictive category in the hierarchic organizational system of biology?

Answer 2

Species

Question 3

List the order of biological classification from largest to smallest.

Answer 3

• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Question 4

What are the steps commonly referred to as the Scientific Method?

Answer 4

• Observation
• Hypothesis
• Experiment
• Scientific Process

Question 5

What is the most significant aspect of water that allows for hydrogen bonding?

Answer 5

Polarity of its bonds

Question 6

What is specific heat in relation to water?

Answer 6

The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1℃

Question 7

Define cohesion in the context of water.

Answer 7

Ability of a molecule to stay bonded or attracted to another molecule of the same substance

Question 8

Define adhesion in the context of water.

Answer 8

Ability of water to bond to or attract other molecules or substances

Question 9

What happens to water molecules when water freezes?

Answer 9

They form a lattice crystal, causing the molecules to spread and resulting in ice floating in water

Question 10

What are carbohydrates primarily used for?

Answer 10

• Storage
• Structure
• Energy

Question 11

What are the two categories of fatty acids?

Answer 11

• Saturated
• Unsaturated

Question 12

What characterizes saturated fats?

Answer 12

Contain no double bonds in their hydrocarbon tail and are solid at room temperature

Question 13

What characterizes unsaturated fats?

Answer 13

Have one or more double bonds and are liquid at room temperature

Question 14

What is the function of phospholipids in cellular membranes?

Answer 14

Create a barrier that protects the cell

Question 15

What are proteins primarily composed of?

Answer 15

Polymers of 20 molecules called amino acids

Question 16

What are enzymes?

Answer 16

Types of proteins that act to catalyze different reactions or processes

Question 17

What is the primary role of DNA?

Answer 17

Contains the code necessary for replication

Question 18

What is the role of RNA in a cell?

Answer 18

Used in the transfer of information from DNA to protein level

Question 19

Define metabolism.

Answer 19

The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism

Question 20

What are the two types of cells?

Answer 20

• Prokaryotic
• Eukaryotic

Question 21

What is a defining feature of prokaryotic cells?

Answer 21

Lack a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Question 22

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 22

Read RNA and translate genetic instructions to produce proteins

Question 23

What is the difference between rough ER and smooth ER?

Answer 23

• Rough ER: covered in ribosomes, responsible for protein synthesis
• Smooth ER: lacks ribosomes, functions in detoxification and metabolism

Question 24

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 24

Packaging, processing, and shipping of proteins throughout the cell

Question 25

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 25

Intracellular digestion using hydrolytic enzymes

Question 26

What do mitochondria produce?

Answer 26

Cell energy through cellular respiration

Question 27

What do chloroplasts produce?

Answer 27

Energy through photosynthesis

Question 28

What is the primary function of the cellular membrane?

Answer 28

Protection, communication, and passage of substances into and out of the cell

Question 29

What is the simplified balanced chemistry equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 29

C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 30

What is ATP?

Answer 30

Adenosine Triphosphate, the energy currency of the cell

Question 31

What is glycolysis?

Answer 31

The conversion of glucose to pyruvate, producing two ATP, pyruvate, and NADH

Question 32

What is produced during the citric acid cycle?

Answer 32

* 2 ATP * 6 CO2 * 6 NADH

Question 33

What is the role of the electron transport chain?

Answer 33

Oxidizes NADH to produce oxygen and water, generating 28-32 ATP

Question 34

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 34

A process that produces glucose from carbon dioxide, water, and light energy

Question 35

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Answer 35

* Light reactions * Calvin Cycle

Question 36

What occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis?

Answer 36

Convert solar energy to chemical energy, producing ATP and NADH

Question 37

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 37

Reproduction that involves a single cell, producing identical offspring

Question 38

What are the five stages of mitosis?

Answer 38

* Prophase * Prometaphase * Metaphase * Anaphase * Telophase

Question 39

Define meiosis.

Answer 39

The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms resulting in four daughter cells

Question 40

What are alleles?

Answer 40

Alternative versions of a gene expressed in a sexually reproducing organism

Question 41

What is the difference between homozygous and heterozygous?

Answer 41

* Homozygous: both alleles are the same type * Heterozygous: alleles are different

Question 42

What is the purpose of a Punnett Square?

Answer 42

To predict genotype and phenotype of offspring in sexual reproduction

Question 43

What is the structure of DNA according to Watson and Crick?

Answer 43

A double helical structure containing four nitrogenous bases

Question 44

What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA?

Answer 44

* Adenine * Thymine * Guanine * Cytosine

Question 45

What is transcription?

Answer 45

The process of producing an RNA strand complementary to the original DNA strand

Question 46

What is mRNA?

Answer 46

Messenger RNA that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

Question 47

What is a codon?

Answer 47

A group of three bases along the stretch of RNA that codes for a specific amino acid

Question 48

What is the role of tRNA?

Answer 48

Carries a specific amino acid and binds to the ribosome during translation

Question 49

What happens when a stop codon is reached during translation?

Answer 49

The amino acid chain is released into the cytoplasm

Question 50

How does DNA control cellular functions?

Answer 50

By dictating what is produced during transcription and translation