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MCAT > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

acidic amino acids

A

aspartate and glutamate

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2
Q

basic amino acids

A

lysine, arginine, and histidine

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3
Q

polar amino acids

A

serine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine, and glutamine

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4
Q

hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic amino acids

A

the acidic/basic/polar amino acids are hydrophilic, all others are hydrophobic

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5
Q

cysteine and cystine

A

cystine is formed when cysteine is oxidized to form a disulfide bridge

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6
Q

peptide bone formation

A

reaction of carboxylic group with amino group with a loss of water

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7
Q

hydrolysis of protein

A

proteolysis, breaking of peptide chain using water

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8
Q

amino acid important in alpha helix

A

proline

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9
Q

solvation layer

A

shell around protein that interacts with solvent (water)

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10
Q

isoelectric point

A

the point at which a molecule has no net charge, for an amino acid this occurs at the mean of the pKa’s

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11
Q

isoelectric focusing

A

an amino acid will be very positive at very low pH and will migrate towards the isoelectric point, it will be negative at high pH and migrate towards isoelectric point

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12
Q

how enzymes work

A

lower activation energy by stabilizing the transition state

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13
Q

types of enzymes

A

hydrolyase - break chemical bonds with water
isomerase - moves bonds around
ligase - joins together
lyase - breaks bonds without water or oxidation
kinase - phophorylates from another molecule
oxidoreductase - redox
polymerase - addition of many molecules
phosphatase - removes phosphate
phosphorylase - transfers phosphate from inorganic
protease - breaks protein with hydrolysis

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14
Q

active site model

A

lock and key - substrate and active site are perfecty complementary

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15
Q

induced fit model

A

substrate and enzyme differ slightly and binding introduces conformation change in enzyme

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16
Q

cofactor vs. coenzyme

A

same but a coenzyme is organic

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17
Q

cooperativity

A

like sigmoidal hemoglobin curve, binding of additional substrates

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18
Q

competitive inhbitor

A

same Vmax, larger Km

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19
Q

non-competitive inhibitor

A

smaller Vmax, same Km

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20
Q

uncompetitive inhibitor

A

binds to enzyme substrate complex, lower Vmax and Km

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21
Q

absolute configuration at the alpha position

A

amino acids in humans are L, sugars are D

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22
Q

proline special

A

kinks the chain, so it never appears in alpha helix

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23
Q

semiconservative replication

A

one strand is used as a template and the other has new bases added to it

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24
Q

euchromatin vs hetereochromatin

A

hetero - more dense, less transcribed genes

eu- less dense, more transcribed genes

25
Q

topoisomerase

A

prevents supercoiling of DNA downstream from helicase

26
Q

primase

A

adds an RNA primer to the growing strand

27
Q

DNA pol 1 and 3

A

both present in prokaryotes
DNA pol 1 - adds nucleotides at RNA primer 5’ to 3’, also has exonuclease capabilities
DNA pol 3 - fast and accurate, does most of transcription, also has proofreading

28
Q

differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication

A

eukaryotic - several replication bubbles

prokaryotic - one site of replication, circular chromosome

29
Q

telomerase

A

adds telomeres to ends of chromosomes, usually only present in germ line, stem cells or white blood cells, also tumor cells

30
Q

missense mutation

A

one AA replaced with another

31
Q

loss of heterozygosity

A

loss of one allele result in hemizygocity, if other gene if affected, can lead to disease

32
Q

haploinsufficiency

A

one good gene is not enough for normal funciton

33
Q

methylation to distinguish strands

A

used in prokaryotes, parental is labeled with methylation, daughter strand is not, is able to distinguish the difference, eukaryotes differentiate using free 3’ end or Okazaki fragments

34
Q

difference between DNA and RNA

A

DNA - no 2’ hydorxyl group, less reactive, more stable

35
Q

monocistronic vs polycistronic

A

eukaryotes are mono, prokaryotes are poly, mono means one strand encodes for one gene, encodes for one protein

36
Q

heterogeneous nuclear RNA

A

made in the nucleus, immature or presursor to mRNA

37
Q

tRNA

A

has anticodon that binds to mRNA and adds to growing polypeptide chain

38
Q

rRNA

A

major component of ribosome, catalytic RNAs are called ribozymes

39
Q

fidelity of RNA/DNA

A

RNA pol makes more mistakes, no editing capabilities

40
Q

spliceosome

A

cuts out the introns and keeps exons, only present in eukaryotes

41
Q

RNA pol 1,2,3

A

1 - rRNA
2 - hnRNA
3 - tRNA

in eukaryotes

42
Q

relationship between tRNA and amino acids

A

each tRNA corresponds to one amino acid but each amino acid may have many tRNAs

43
Q

wobble hypothesis

A

third amino acid of anticodon has some flexibility, allows for smaller number of tRNAs to be possible

44
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

A

combines tRNA and amino acid, requires 2 ATP, allows for specific AA and tRNA to bind and activates AA for growing polypeptide chain

45
Q

subunits of ribosomes

A

50/30 in pro, 5.8/5/40/60 in eu

46
Q

degenerate code

A

there are repeats in the code for amino acids

47
Q

initiation and stop codons

A

initiation - AUG

stop - UAA, UAG, UGA

48
Q

snRNPs

A

involved in spliceosome in eukaryotes, occurs in the nucleus, removes the introns, also associated with snRNAs

49
Q

chaperones

A

helps proteins fold into their correct shape

50
Q

locus

A

where a gene is located on a chromosome

51
Q

alleles

A

a copy of a gene, one allele on each homologous chromosome

52
Q

incomplete dominance

A

neither dominant nor recessive, instead of white and red you have pink

53
Q

codominance

A

both alleles are expressed, but not blended, like blood type

54
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

forms in prophase I, connects the two homologous chromosomes

55
Q

natural selection, phenotypes and genotypes

A

natural selection only acts on phenotypes, not genotypes

56
Q

differential reproduction

A

individuals that reproduce more will be selected for, individuals who reproduce less will be selected against

57
Q

linkages in glycogen

A

alpha 1,4 linkages and alpha 1,6 at branch points

58
Q

nucleolus

A

ribosome factory in the nucleus and site of transcription

59
Q

localization sequence vs signal sequence

A

localization = nucleus, mitochondria and peroxisomes

signal sequence = secreted, plasma membrane, lysosome, ER, golgi

MCAT (5 decks)

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