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MCAT EK Review > Biology > Flashcards

Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What energy source is used for flagellar propulsion?

A

energy from a proton gradient not ATP

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2
Q

What are the three forms of genetic recombination?

A
  • conjugation
  • transformation
  • transduction
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3
Q

conjugation

A

transfer if plasmid (extragenomic DNA)

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4
Q

transformation

A

bacteria incorporate DNA from external environment into genome

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5
Q

transduction

A

transfer of genetic material by virus via a vector

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6
Q

transposons

A

nucleotides move from one position to another

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7
Q

(Ventral/Dorsal) pathway travels to the temporal lobe towards the base of brain and involved in object recognition.

A

Ventral

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8
Q

(Ventral/Dorsal) pathway projects into the parietal cortex and is more involved in perceiving location of objects.

A

Dorsal

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9
Q

If E.coli are resistant to phage attack after being placed with DNA from phage resistant bacteria, what is the most likely mechanism for their resistance acquisition?

A

transformation

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10
Q

Pressure waves in the air are converted to neural signals at which location?

A

Hair cells in the organ of Corti in the cochlea

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11
Q

Which of the sensory systems bypasses the thalamus in its path to the cortex?

A

olfactory system

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12
Q

What causes a rightward shift of the oxygen dissociation curve?

A
  • increase in CO2
  • increase in hydrogen concentration
  • increase in temperature
  • increase in 2,3-DPG
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13
Q

Chloride shift

A
  • Chloride ions diffuse in the opposite direction of bicarbonate ions to prevent buildup of negative charge
  • Exchange in Lungs: O2 into RBC, bicarbonate in, CO2 out, and Cl- out
  • Exchange in Tissues: O2 out, bicarbonate out, CO2 in, and Cl- in
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14
Q

Oxygen concentration is monitored mainly by (central/peripheral) chemoreceptors, while CO2 concentration is monitored by (central/peripheral) chemoreceptors.

A
  • oxygen concentration: peripheral

- carbon dioxide concentration: central

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15
Q

How does the body compensate for acidosis?

A

-increased breathing rate to expel CO2 to raise blood pH

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16
Q

(Hypo/Hyper)ventilation causes alkalosis

A

-hyperventilation (results in loss of CO2)

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17
Q

Lymph circulates one way through the lymphatic vessels, eventually dumping into which two places?

A

-thoracic duct and vena cava

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18
Q

MHC class I molecules display antigens derived from (intracellular/extracellular) pathogens. MHC class II molecules display antigens derived from (intracellular/extracellular) pathogens.

A
  • MHC Class I- intracellular (endogenous)

- MHC Class II-extracellular (exogenous)

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19
Q

Which gastric cell type secretes pepsinogen?

A

chief cells

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20
Q

Which gastric cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

A

parietal cells

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21
Q

Which lipoproteins transport triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue?

A

very low-density lipoproteins

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22
Q

Which lipoproteins transport cholesterol and phospholipids to the cells?

A

intermediate and low-density lipoproteins

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23
Q

When the liver mobilizes fat for energy, it produces what?

A

ketone bodies (acids)

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24
Q

Equation for cardiac output

A

CO= HR x SV

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25
Q

Where does red blood cell synthesis occur?

A

spongy bone

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26
Q

flagella are (microtubules/microfilaments)

A

microtubules

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27
Q

Microtubules/microfilaments are responsible for generating the momentum necessary for phagocytosis

A

microfilaments

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28
Q

How do you decrease the risk of pulmonary edema?

A

hydrostatic pressure exerted by the fluid must decrease, and osmotic pressure exerted on the fluid must increase

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29
Q

In what cell cycle phase can cells be karyotyped?

A

metaphase

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30
Q

Multipotent stem cells

A

cells that have the capacity to self-renew by dividing and to develop into multiple specialized cell types present in a specific tissue or organ

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31
Q

caspace

A

family of protease enzymes playing essential roles in programmed cell death and inflammation

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32
Q

How do caspase enzymes mediate apoptosis?

A

Caspase enzymes (activated by cytochrome c) mediate apoptosis by attacking the aspartate residues in cytoplasmic proteins

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33
Q

Hayflick limit

A

number of mitotic replications a cell can undergo before it enters a senescent state

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34
Q

order of formation of germ layers

A

ectoderm then endoderm followed by mesoderm

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35
Q

myelin sheath (increase/decrease) capacitance of the neuron

A

decrease

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36
Q

In which type of cell are ligand-gated ion channels most commonly found?

A

Cells that need to respond quickly to external stimuli

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37
Q

During the S1 (‘Lub’) stage, what happens to the pulmonary and aortic valves and the tricuspid and mitral valves?

A
  • P and A open

- T and M close

38
Q

During the S2 (‘Dub’) stage, what happens to the pulmonary and aortic valves and the tricuspid and mitral valves?

A
  • P and A close

- T and M open

39
Q

The lining of secretory ducts is composed of which cell type?

A

simple cuboidal epithelial cells

40
Q

Where do mature T lymphocytes accumulate?

A

mature T cells accumulate in the lymph nodes and are produced in the thymus

41
Q

Which cell type of the innate immune system releases histamine?

A

basophils

42
Q

function of atrial natriuretic peptide

A

hormone that can increase the glomerular filtration rate

43
Q

Urine is formed in a three-step process: which of the following gives the correct order in which these steps take place in the nephron?

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

44
Q

osmolarity has effects on (ADH/aldosterone/both)

A

ADH- increase in volume to decrease in osmolarity

45
Q

function of macula densa cells

A

sense concentration of sodium ion in glomerular filtrate and located in the distal convoluted tubule

46
Q

function of juxtaglomerular cells

A

release renin and line the afferent arterioles

47
Q

(T/F) Enzymes increase reaction rate but do not alter the thermodynamics of a reaction (delta G is a thermodynamic quantity).

A

true

48
Q

Which muscles have more than 1 nuclei?

A

cardiac (1-2) and skeletal (multi)

49
Q

Meissner corpuscle

A

sensitivity to temporary light touch

50
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A

sensitivity to vibration and pressure (deep touch)

51
Q

Merkel’s disk

A

sustained light touch

52
Q
  • holocrine
  • apocrine
  • merocrine
A
  • holocrine- sebaceous glands
  • apocrine-mammary glands
  • merocrine-sweat glands
53
Q

Ruffini’s ending

A

record low-frequency vibration or pressure

54
Q

role of TrpV1 receptor

A

determine temperature and sensitive to pain

55
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

corpus luteum

56
Q

Stimulation of the Leydig cells produces which hormone?

A

testosterone

57
Q

What do chief cells, G cells, and parietal cells produce?

A
  • chief cells-pepsinogen
  • G cell-gastrin to promote increased HCl production by parietal cells
  • parietal cells- HCl
58
Q

Polypeptide hormones function via interaction with (transmembrane receptors/transcription factor) and steroid hormones function via interaction with (transmembrane receptors/transcription factor).

A
  • polypeptide (protein) hormones- transmembrane receptors

- steroid hormones- transcription factors

59
Q

Role of acetylation

A

promotes transcription by attaching acetyl groups to lysine residues on histones

60
Q

CpG islands

A

stretches with a high frequency of cytosine and guanine dinucleotide DNA pairs (CG) found in the promoter regions of genes

61
Q

penetrance

A

extent to which a particular gene or set of genes is expressed in the phenotypes of individuals carrying it, measured by the proportion of carriers showing the characteristic phenotype

62
Q

expressivity

A

relative capacity of a gene to affect the phenotype of the organism of which it is a part

63
Q

difference in reproduction for bacteria and viruses

A

bacteria reproduce via fission and viruses need host cell to replicate

64
Q

neuropeptide Y

A

decrease appetite

65
Q

(T/F) Platelets contain nuclei

A

False- cell fragments without nuclei

66
Q

Increasing the volume of air that reaches the alveoli and takes part in gas exchange will cause blood pH to (increase/decrease)

A

increase- increasing the volume of air that reaches the alveoli and takes part in gas exchange will enhance O2 uptake and CO2 removal, thereby increasing blood pH

67
Q

role of transcription factors

A
  • bind DNA and subsequently recruit RNA polymerase

- contain DNA binding domains

68
Q

primary oocyte and secondary oocyte are arrested in what stage

A

primary- prophase I

secondary- metaphase II

69
Q

retrovirus

A

positive-sense single stranded RNA

70
Q

viroid

A

single stranded circular RNA that silence gene expression

71
Q

parallel evolution
convergent evolution
divergent evolution

A
  • parallel evolution- 2 closely related species continue to evolve
  • convergent evolution-distantly related species evolve similar traits
  • divergent evolution- 2 species with recent common ancestor evolve distinct traits
72
Q

Where do microtubules originate?

A

centrosomes

73
Q

Where are sperm produced and mature?

A

produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes, completes maturation and becomes motile in the epididymis

74
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

released in response to high blood volume and decreases sodium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct, as well as increasing the glomerular filtration rate and inhibiting aldosterone release

75
Q

Amino acid-derived hormones are derived from?

A

tyrosine and tryptophan

76
Q

When does crossing over occur?

A

prophase I of meiosis
*unequal crossing over gives rise to gametes which lack or contain extra copies of individual genes not chromosomes (nondisjunction)

77
Q

What would you expect to happen to fatty acid synthesis in G6PDH deficiency?

A

reduced fatty acid synthesis as NADPH would be decreased which donates electrons for FAS

78
Q

Why do RBC rely on glycolysis for ATP production?

A

Don’t have mitochondria

79
Q

Which enzyme improves oxygen release?

A

biphosphoglycerate mutase (convert 1,3-BPG to 2,3-BPG)

80
Q

kinesin vs dynein

A

kinesin- move cargo along microtubules in anterograde axonal transport (away from nucleus towards distal site)
dynein- retrograde transport (from distal sites toward nucleus)

81
Q

totipotent vs. pluripotent vs. multipotent

A
  • totipotent-give rise to placental and fetal cells
  • pluripotent-differentiate into fetal cells (3 germ layers)
  • multipotent- only differentiate into specialized cells
82
Q

Where do B and T cells mature?

A

B cells-spleen

T cells-thymus

83
Q

ATP state when muscle fiber at rest

A

upright and bound to ADP*Pi (caused by hydrolysis of ATP)

84
Q

What causes the power stroke in muscles?

A

dissociation of ADP and Pi which shortens the sarcomere

85
Q

Which type of muscle fibers are fatigue resistant, contract slowly, and use aerobic respiration?

A

Type 1 fibers

86
Q

Cori cycle

A

lactic acid produced from anaerobic respiration transported to the liver, where ATP metabolizes lactic acid back to glucose

87
Q

4 main types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective (bone, blood, adipose), muscle tissue (skeletal, cardiac, smooth), and nervous tissue

88
Q

miRNA and siRNA function

A

RNA interference- binds to sequence on mRNA molecule to silence gene expression

89
Q

Which technique would be used to detect mRNA?

A

RT-PCR

90
Q

phosphodiester bond

A

linkage that occurs when two hydroxyl groups in a phosphate molecule react with hydroxyl groups on ribose sugars to form two ester bonds

91
Q

mRNA levels are directly proportional to what?

A

protein levels

92
Q

allopatric speciation vs sympatric speciation

A
  • allopatric speciation- geographic separation of populations from a parent species and subsequent evolution
  • sympatric speciation-speciation occurring within a parent species remaining in one location

MCAT EK Review (5 decks)

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