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MCAT EK Review > Psychology/Sociology > Flashcards

Psychology/Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

social loafing

A

members of group decrease pace of work with intention of letting other group members work harder

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2
Q
  • prejudice
  • discrimination
  • stereotype
A
  • prejudice: attitude
  • discrimination: behavior/action
  • stereotype: cognition/belief
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3
Q

looking-glass self

A
  • identity develops through mirror of social interactions

- based on perception of how others view us

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4
Q

manifest and latent function

A

manifest-intended purpose of action

latent-unintended purpose of action

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5
Q

functionalism

A

society is always trying to stabilize

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6
Q

medicalization of deviance vs demedicalization

A

medicalization of deviance is the process of changing a ‘bad’ behavior into a ‘sick’ behavior. Conversely, demedicalization is the normalization of a ‘sick’ behavior

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7
Q

life course theory

A

interdisciplinary theory that seeks to understand the multiple factors that shape people’s lives from birth to death, placing individual and family development in cultural and historical contexts

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8
Q

I vs me

A

I-response to social self (individual identity- spontaneous and autonomous part)
me-social self (society view- interaction with others and with the general social environment)

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9
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

short-term fitness sacrifices with the purpose of enhancing one’s own long-term fitness (by increasing another organism’s fitness)

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10
Q

tragedy of commons

A

acting in one’s own self-interest is contrary to the interests of the group as a whole

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11
Q

function of neuropeptide Y

A

inhibit feeding circuit blocking satiety

-increase appetite

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12
Q

temperament

A

made up of innate aspects of a person’s character that persist over a person’s lifetime

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13
Q

difference between repression and suppression

A

repression-unconscious process of pushing thoughts and feelings away
suppression-conscious process of pushing thoughts into the unconscious

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14
Q

Cluster A

A
  • paranoid
  • schizoid
  • schizotypal
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15
Q

Cluster B

A
  • antisocial
  • borderline
  • histrionic
  • narcissistic
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16
Q

Cluster C

A
  • avoidant
  • dependent
  • obsessive compulsive personality disorder
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17
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

mind processes the whole of a perception rather than the sum of its parts

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18
Q

law of pragnanz

A

reduce reality to its simplest form

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19
Q

parvo pathway

A

focus on spatial resolution and color (fine details)

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20
Q

magno pathway

A

focus on encoding motion (temporal resolution)

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21
Q

Base of the cochlea includes (low/high) frequency sounds and apex includes (low/high) frequency

A

base-high

apex-low

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22
Q

What forms the border between the outer and middle ear?

A

tympanic membrane

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23
Q

What forms the border between the middle and inner ear?

A

oval window

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24
Q

Difference between proprioception and kinesthesis

A

proprioception- sense of the position of the body in space

kinesthesis- sense of movement of the body (motion) and uses neurons located in the muscles, joints, and tendons

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25
Q

From gustation, which of the following use g-protein coupled receptors and which use ion channels?

  • sweet
  • sour
  • salty
  • bitter
  • umami
A
  • GPCR: sweet, umami, bitter

- ion channels: sour, salty

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26
Q

Which sensation does not synapse in the thalamus before higher processing?

A

Olfaction

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27
Q

Sleep cycle stages

A

N1> N2> N3> N2> REM> N1

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28
Q

activation-synthesis model

A

dreams are caused by the physiological processes of the brain

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29
Q

primary role of hypocretin (orexin)

A

control sleep and arousal

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30
Q

availability heuristic

A

decision making heuristic where choices are based on quick, easily accessible examples

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31
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

decision’s probability is judged based on how similar or representative the aspect is to a specific person, group, or population and the degree that it reflects the features of the population as a whole (matching prototypes)

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32
Q

concurrent validity

A

how well a test matches up with a benchmark test

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33
Q

assimilation vs accomodation

A
  • assimilation-take new information and experiences and incorporate them into our pre-existing ideas or world view
  • accommodation- occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing schemas.
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34
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

mistaken belief that the combination of 2 events is more likely than 1 of the 2 events alone

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35
Q

conduction aphasia

A

difficulties with repetition in the arcuate fasciculus

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36
Q

Lazarus theory

A
  • interpretation must happen before arousal or emotion, which happen simultaneously
  • involves consciously labeling an emotion and then subsequently experiencing it
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37
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A
  • an event which elicits simultaneous physiological response and perception of an emotion
  • physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously but independently
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38
Q

Schachter-Singer theory

A
  • an event which simultaneously elicits a physiological response and an interpretation of the event
  • interaction between two factors: physiological arousal and cognition
  • physiological arousal > cognitive appraisal > experience emotion
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39
Q

James-Lange theory

A

an event followed by a physiological response which is interpreted as fear and fear is perceived

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40
Q

ambient stressor

A

negative conditions embedded in the environment

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41
Q

homophily

A

tendency for people to choose relationships with others who have similar attributes

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42
Q

social process model

A

social interaction and influence in shaping behaviors or actions

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43
Q

fusiform gyrus

A

part of visual system in the brain and play a role in high level visual processing and recognition

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44
Q

exchange-rational choice theory

A

decisions made by rational beings who have weighed all aspects of a problem and proceed to make a rational choice

45
Q

internal validity

A

extent to which a study establishes a trustworthy cause-and-effect relationship between a treatment and an outcome

46
Q

opponent process theory (emotion)

A

motivation that stems from the contrasts in opposite stimuli (ex: pain and pleasure)

47
Q

nominal and ordinal variable

A
  • nominal variable- categorical and can’t be ranked in order (ex: different eye colors)
  • ordinal variable-categorical and ranked in order (education experience)
48
Q

Top-down processing

A

relies on background knowledge, learning & expectations to influence what is perceived

49
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

relies on stimulus to influence what we perceive (data driven & perception directs cognition)

50
Q

The visual field is broken down and results in light from the left visual field hitting the (temporal/nasal) side of the left eye and the (temporal/nasal) side of the right eye, and eventually being interpreted by the (left/right) hemisphere in the brain.

A

nasal; temporal; right

51
Q

structures of a ray of light passing through as it enters the eye

A

conjuctiva, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor, and retina

52
Q

(T/F) Fovea has great temporal and spatial resolution.

A

False- fovea only has great spatial resolution (poor temporal resolution-hard to detect light and changes in light)

53
Q

Organ of Corti

A

responsible for transducing fluid movement within in the cochlea into an electrical impulse

54
Q

labeled lines model

A

particular taste receptors will send dedicated axonal projects to a particular part of the brain

55
Q

inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning

A

inductive- thinking about specific situations and applying that information to broad principles
deductive- thinking about broad principles and applying that information to specific situations

56
Q

epigenetics

A

heritable changes in gene activity not caused by changes in DNA sequences

57
Q

Which schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?

A

variable-ratio

58
Q

fertility vs fecundity

A

fertility- # of children average women bears

fecundity- # of children women capable of bearing

59
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

biological predispositions interact with environmental factors to result in disease

60
Q

sandwich generation

A

generation caring for aging parents and supporting own children at the same time

61
Q

‘graying’ of the world

A

median age continues to rise globally

62
Q

semicircular canals vs otoliths

A

semicircular canals-rotational movement

otolith-linear acceleration

63
Q

anchoring bias

A

Tendency to focus on one particular piece of information when making decisions or problem-solving

64
Q

hindsight bias

A

Belief that the event just experienced was predictable

65
Q

availability bias

A

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to you

66
Q

anomie

A

feelings of social disconnection that result from weak communal bonds and rapidly changing norms

67
Q

Demographic transition

A

economic changes, specifically industrialization, affect the relationship between the fertility and mortality rates in a society

68
Q

ethnographic research

A

observing social interactions in real social settings

69
Q

actor-observer bias

A

actor’s tendency to explain his/her own behavior by situational factors whereas the observer tends to explain the actor’s behavior by internal stable traits

70
Q

Dyad/triad is more stable

A

triad is more stable than a dyad because one member can act as a mediator should the relationship between the other two become strained

71
Q

iron law of oligarchy

A

political theory which claims that rule by an elite is inevitable as an iron law within any democratic organization as part of the tactical and technical necessities of organization

72
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

individual’s attitudes are incongruent with his or her behavior, this leads to cognitive dissonance. To eliminate cognitive dissonance, the individual can either change his or her attitudes or his or her behavior. The theory posits that individuals are more likely to adjust their attitudes to align with their behavior than the other way around

73
Q

mixed-methods study

A

Bringing together quantitative methods and qualitative methods

74
Q

Main difference between symbolic interactionism and social functionalism?

A

symbolic interaction- small scale sociological perspective
social functionalism-large scale (deal with manifest and latent functions and not concerned with micro-level interactions of individuals)

75
Q

intersectionality

A

describes multiple interconnected social identities (gender, age, race, class)

76
Q

labeling theory

A
  • labeled as deviant, more likely to increase deviance

- (suggests labels get applied to certain groups or individuals regardless of specific behavior and can increase stigma)

77
Q

difference between fundamental attribution error vs actor-observer bias

A

fundamental attribution error fails to account for own attributions for own behavior

78
Q

elaboration likelihood model

A

when person uninterested in message, superficial factors might be more persuasive

79
Q

absolute threshold

A

intensity value where person can detect stimulus 50% of the time

80
Q

(T/F) difference threshold and just noticeable difference are the same

A

true-smallest difference between 2 stimuli a person can detect 50% of the time

81
Q

sublimation (psychoanalytic theory)

A

turn unacceptable thoughts/behaviors into productive ones (ex: take up martial arts to vent anger)

82
Q

dishabituation

A

renewed response to previous habituated stimulus

83
Q

difference between escape learning and avoidance learning

A

escape learning- current undesired stimulus removed
avoidance learning-future undesired stimulus prevented
*escape learning becomes avoidance when organism prevents coming into contact with undesired stimulus

84
Q

proximal stimulus vs distal stimulus

A
  • proximal-stimulus registered by the sensory receptors (e.g., the pattern of light falling on the retina)
  • distal- object in external world
85
Q

incentive theory of motivation

A

motivation for behaviors due to extrinsic (external) rewards, rather than internal rewards or biological drives

86
Q

cultural vs social capital

A

cultural-social mobility gained from knowledge, skills, education
social-social mobility gained from social networks and ties

87
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

behaviors are learned through observing others and modeling their actions

88
Q

examples of implicit memory

A

priming and procedural memory

89
Q

Baby Boomer generation

A

(post–World War II generation) main sociohistorical factor that explains the projection in the passage about the increasing share of the population over 65 years of age

90
Q

schemas

A

organized clusters of knowledge

*presumed to indicate the participant’s implicit attitude during IAT task

91
Q

cognitive component of an attitude

A

identifies beliefs and idea

92
Q

interference

A

when one memory interferes with another

93
Q

Thomas theorem

A

if an individual believes something to be real, then it is real in its consequences

94
Q

incidence vs prevalence

A
  • incidence- number of new cases

- prevalence-how common disease is

95
Q

prospective memory

A

involves remembering to perform a planned action or recall a planned intention at some future point in time

96
Q

structural mobility

A

changes in stratification hierarchy itself. It is a vertical movement of a specific group, class or occupation relative to others in the stratification system

97
Q

Which neurotransmitter is associated with aggression?

A

serotonin

98
Q

affinal vs consanguineal kinship

A

affinal- based on marriage

consanguineal- genetically related

99
Q

spatial inequalility

A

uneven distribution of wealth and resources across a geographic area

100
Q

Erik Erikson theory of personality

A

personality shaped by social interaction throughout a lifetime

101
Q

false consciousness

A

way of thinking that prevents a person from perceiving the true nature of their social or economic situation

102
Q

cultural transmission

A

pass knowledge and values to next generation

103
Q

Incongruence

A

unpleasant feelings can result from a discrepancy between our perceived and ideal self

104
Q

stereopsis

A

perception of depth that arises from integrated information from both eyes

105
Q

phi phenomenon

A

illusion that is visual in nature, which causes an observer or viewer to distinguish and perceive movement in stationary objects

106
Q

Social Disorganization Theory

A

suggests a person’s residential location is more significant than the person’s characteristics when predicting criminal activity

107
Q

Malthusian theory of population growth

A

population increase exponentially while resources increase at slower rate

108
Q

trait theory

A

consistent and accurate behavior over time

*don’t consider situational factors

109
Q

Type 1 error (false positive) vs Type 2 error (false negative)

A

Type 1: falsely conclude there is a difference

Type 2: falsely conclude no difference

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