Biology Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
cell theory
A
- all living things are composed of cells
- the cell is the basic functional unit of life
- cells arise only from preexisting cells
- cells carry genetic information in DNA
2
Q
cytoplasmic inheritance
A
extranuclear inheritance
transmission of genetic material independent of the nucleus
3
Q
apoptosis
A
programmed cell death kick started by mitochondria
4
Q
lysosome
A
membrane bound structure involved in breakdown
5
Q
endosome
A
transport, package, and sort material traveling to and from the membrane
6
Q
autolysis
A
apoptosis caused by enzymes from the lysosome
7
Q
Rough ER
A
translation of proteins for secretion
8
Q
smooth ER
A
lipid synthesis, protein transport, and detoxification
9
Q
golgi
A
cellular material modification and sorting
10
Q
peroxisomes
A
breakdown of fatty acids using peroxide (beta oxidation)
11
Q
microfilaments
A
made up of actin and myosin
12
Q
purpose of microfilaments
A
cytokinesis, formation of cleavage furrow, contraction
13
Q
microtubules
A
made up of tubulin proteins
14
Q
purpose of microtubules
A
motion- make up cilia, flagella, and centrioles
15
Q
cilia
A
used for transport along the surface of a cell
16
Q
flagella
A
used for movement of a cell
17
Q
intermediate filaments
A
cell-to-cell adhesion and maintenance of structure- e.g. keratin
18
Q
basement membrane
A
anchor of epithelial cells
19
Q
parenchyma
A
functional parts of the organ
20
Q
simple epithelia
A
one layer of cells
21
Q
stratified epithelia
A
multiple layers of cells
22
Q
pseudo-stratified epithelia
A
appear to have multiple layers of cells due to cell height
23
Q
squamous
A
flat and scale-like
24
Q
stroma
A
support structure
25
epithelial tissue purpose
parenchyma
26
connective tissue purpose
stroma
27
cocci
spherical bacteria
28
bacilli
rod-shaped bacteria
29
spirilli
spiral-shaped bacteria
30
obligate anaerobes
bacteria that cannot survive in the presence of oxygen
31
facultative anaerobes
can develop processes to use oxygen for metabolism
32
aerotolerant anaerobes
do not use oxygen for metabolism, but are not harmed by the presence of oxygen
33
gram-positive
describes purple color of cell walls
| walls contain peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid, which trigger immune responses
34
gram-negative
describes pink color of cell walls
| walls contain peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharides, which trigger immune respsonses
35
chemotaxis
ability of a cell to sense chemical stimuli and move toward or away from it
36
bacterial flagella components
filament composed of flagellin, basal body, and a hook
37
binary fission
asexual reproduction seen in prokaryotes
38
episomes
plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of bacteria
39
transformation
integration of foreign genetic material into a host genome
40
congugation
bacterial sexual reproduction using a conjugation bridge
| aids in antibiotic resistance
41
transduction
the only recombination process that requires a vector
42
transposons
genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome
43
phases of bacterial reproduction
lag phase, log/exponential phase, stationary phase, death phase
44
virulent viruses
viruses in the lytic cycle- replicate with no regard for the host cell
45
lysogenic cycle
integration of a provirus into the genome of a cell
46
prions
convert structure of a protein from an alpha helix to a beta sheet
47
viroids
pathogens that infect plants
48
interphase
G1, S, G2
49
G0
cells do not divide
50
G1
creation of organelles and increase in size
51
restriction point
checkpoint between G1 and S phases
52
S
replication of genetic material into two identical daughter cells
53
G2
checkpoint between S and M phases
54
M
mitosis and cytokinesis
55
cytokinesis
splitting of cytoplasm and organelles into 2 daughter cells
56
p53
protein in charge of restriction point between G1 and S
57
cyclins and CDKs
CDKs require correct cyclin in order to phosphorylate transcription factors to control the cell cycle
58
prophase
1. condensation of the chromatin into chromosomes
2. centrioles to poles
3. formation of spindle fibers
4. nuclear membrane dissolves
5. nucleoli disappear
6. kinetochores appear
59
microtubule organizing centers
centrosome and basal bodies
60
metaphase
chromosomes align at metaphase plate
61
anaphase
centromeres and chromosomes split
62
telophase
1. spindles disappear
2. nuclear membrane forms
3. nucleoli reform
4. chromosomes uncoil
63
daughter cells of mitosis
identical to parent and to each other
64
meiosis 1
reductional division
| separation of homologous chromosomes
65
meiosis 2
essentially mitosis
| equational division
66
prophase 1
1. condensation of the chromatin into chromosomes
2. formation of spindle fibers
3. nuclear membrane dissolves
4. nucleoli disappear
5. synapsis
6. crossing over
67
law of independent assortment
Mendel's second law
| alelle inheritance is independent
68
metaphase 1
tetrads align at metaphase plate
69
tetrads
homologous pairs of chromosomes
70
anaphase 1
disjunction- homologous pairs separate
71
law of segregation
Mendel's first law
| distribution of homologous pairs is random
72
telophase 1
haploid daughter cells
73
prophase 2
1. centrioles to poles
2. formation of spindle fibers
3. nuclear membrane dissolves
4. nucleoli disappear
5. kinetochores appear
74
metaphase 2
chromosomes line up at metaphase plate
75
anaphase 2
centromeres and chromosomes split
76
telophase 2
4 haploid cells are produced
77
seminiferous tubules
produce sperm
78
sertoli cells
nourish sperm
79
leydig cells
produce androgens
80
epidiymus
sperm develop motility and are stored here until ejaculation
81
seminal vesicles
add fructose to sperm during ejaculation
82
cowper's glands
produces a liquid that cleans and lubricates the urethra
83
development of sperm
spermatogonia, primary/secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatazoa
84
acrosome
functional tail end of sperm used to penetrate the ovum
85
ovaries
produce estrogen
86
follicles
house and nourish eggs
87
female reproductive pathway
ovaries, peritonial sac, fallopian tubes/oviduct, uterus, cervix, vaginal canal
88
zona pellucida
glycoproteins that surround the oocyte and help with sperm binding
89
corona radiata
cells that adhere to the oocytes and are penetrated by sperm
90
ova development
primary/secondary oocyte, ovum, zygote
91
GnRH
released by the hypothalamus after puberty to induce the body to secrete FSH and LH, which trigger production of other sex hormones
92
FSH in males
stimulates sertoli cells and triggers sperm maturation
93
LH in males
production of testosterone
94
FSH in females
production of estrogen
95
estrogen
development and maintenance of the female reproductive system
96
LH in females
production of progesterone
97
follicular phase
```
menstruation begins
GnRH increases
FSH and LH increase
follicles begin to grow
follicles secrete estrogen (negative feedback)
regrowth of endometrium
```
98
ovulation
LH surge
| release of egg from ovary
99
luteal phase
formation of the corpus luteum
100
menstruation
corpus luteum dies
101
hCG
LH-like hormone secreted by blastocyst that maintains the corpus luteum
102
ampulla
section of fallopian tube where fertilization occurs
103
cleavage
rapid mitotic cell divisions
104
embryo development
morula, blastula, gastrula
105
trophoblast cells
surround the blastocoel and become the chorion and placenta
106
archenteron
membrane invagination into the blastocoel- becomes the gut
107
blastopore
becomes the anus or mouth
108
ectoderm
skin, hair, nails (adrenal medulla)
109
mesoderm
musculoskeletal, circulatory, and excretory systems (adrenal cortex)
110
endoderm
epithelial linings of digestive and respiratory tracts
111
selective transcription
allows for differentiation of cells
112
induction
ability of a cell to influence the fate of other cells
113
neurulation
development of the nervous system
114
notochord
spine-like structure that influences neural folds to develop around the neural groove
115
neural tube
becomes the central nervous system
116
neural crest cells
become peripheral nervous system
117
specification
the cell is designated as a particular type of cell
118
pluripotent
can differentiate into any cell type except placental
119
totipotent
can differentiate into any cell type
120
multipotent
can differentiate into multiple cells types of the same group
121
autocrine
acting on itself
122
paracrine
acting in the same local area
123
juxtacrine
induction via direct stimulation of a cell
124
endocrine
induction via the bloodstream
125
senescence
biological aging
126
umbilical arteries
carry blood away from the fetus to the placenta
127
umbilical veins
carry blood from the placenta to the fetus
128
TORCHES
pathogens that can cross the placental barrier
| toxoplasma gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes/hiv, and syphilis
129
foramen ovale
shunt that connects the right atrium to the left atrium (lung function)
130
ductus arteriosus
shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta (lung function)
131
ductus venosus
shunts blood from the placenta to the inferior vena cava (liver function)
132
parturition
vaginal birth
133
astrocytes
nourish neurons, blood-brain barrier
134
ependymal cells
produce CSF
135
microglia
breakdown waste
136
oligodendrocytes
CNS myelinators
137
Schwann Cells
PNS myelinators
138
pumpKin
Na/K ATPase pumps K into cell
139
tracts
contain only one type of information, cell bodies in nuclei
140
hypothalamus hormones
GnRH, TRH, and CRF
141
anterior pituitary hormones
FSH, LH, GH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin, endorphins
142
renin angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway
low BP -> juxtaglomerular cells secrete renin -> angiotensin into angiotensin I -> ACE converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II -> angiotensin II causes adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone
