Biology - 90927 - 1.3

Question 1

What are bacteria, fungi (yeasts and moulds), and viruses? (micro-…)

Answer 1

Micro-organisms

Question 2

Order in size of the following cells: mould, yeast, virus, bacteria (rod), bacteria (coccus), animal cell, animal nucleaus

Answer 2

Virus (0.1μm), bacteria (coccus) 1μm), bacteria (rod) (2-3μm), animal nucleus (2.8μm), yeast (5-8μm), animal cell (10μm), mould (often >40μm).

Question 3

Are bacteria aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 3

Bacteria may be either

Question 4

Are bacteria single-celled organisms?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

What do bacteria need to survive?

Answer 5

Food, moisture, warmth.

Question 6

Bacteria reproduce by?

Answer 6

Binary fission

Question 7

At what speed can bacteria reproduce in good conditions?

Answer 7

Every 20 mins

Question 8

Saprotrophic/saprophytic bacteria

Answer 8

Decomposers that feed on dead organisms and wastes (urine and faeces)

Question 9

Pathogenic bacteria

Answer 9

Parasites that feed on a living host, causing a disease.

Question 10

Yeast, mould and mushrooms are all

Answer 10

Fungi

Question 11

What do fungi need to survive?

Answer 11

Warmth, moisture, food

Question 12

Are fungi aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 12

Fungi may be either

Question 13

Hyphae

Answer 13

Fine thread-like structures that spread through the substance that the fungus is living on.

Question 14

Spores

Answer 14

Asexual reproductive ‘seeds’ that burst out of mature sporangia, settle, and grow

Question 15

Saprotrophic/saprophytic fungi

Answer 15

Decomposers that feed on dead organisms and wastes (urine and faeces)

Question 16

Pathogenic fungi

Answer 16

Parasites that feed on a living host, causing a disease.

Question 17

What do viruses need to survive?

Answer 17

A living host

Question 18

Are viruses living?

Answer 18

No, they do not grow, feed, respire, or excrete wastes. They do reproduce

Question 19

How do viruses reproduce?

Answer 19

Enter a living cell (host) and make copies of themselves.

Question 20

By what process to fungi and bacteria feed?

Answer 20

Extracellular digestion

Question 21

Extracellular digestion

Answer 21

Enzymes released by hypae, food digested, nutrients absorbed.

Question 22

How many bacterial cells are in a colony that can be seen by the naked eye?

Answer 22

At least 1 million

Question 23

How can viruses be cultured?

Answer 23

Using living cells as hosts

Question 24

Saprotrophs idead temp?

Answer 24

30 degrees. Range 5-45 degrees.

Question 25

Do campylocacter and Helicobacter pylori require high or low amounts of oxygen

Answer 25

Low (they can survive in the human digestive system)

Question 26

Aerobic respiration equation

Answer 26

Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + ATP

Question 27

Anaerobic respiration for lactic acid bacteria

Answer 27

Glucose -> lactic acid + 2ATP

Question 28

How does yeast respire anaerobically?

Answer 28

Fermentation

Question 29

Anaerobic respiration equation for yeast

Answer 29

Glucose -> ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP

Question 30

Do all living cells need water?

Answer 30

Yes

Question 31

Ideal pH for micro-organisms?

Answer 31

6-8

Question 32

Which type of micro-organism can handle lower pH

Answer 32

Lactic acid bacteria

Question 33

Can the toxins produced by micro-organisms kill the micro-organisms?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

Do micro-organisms compete with each other?

Answer 34

Yes

Question 35

What micro-organisms require a host cell to live and grow?

Answer 35

Viruses and pathogenic bacteria and fungi

Question 36

Do micro-organisms break down dead plants and animals?

Answer 36

Yes

Question 37

What does composting do?

Answer 37

Micro-organisms decompose dead plant material, creating nutrient-rich compost, favourable for plant growth.

Question 38

How does bread rise?

Answer 38

Yeast combined with sugar causes fermentation, breaking down the sugar to produce carbon dioxide. The CO2 causes the rise.

Question 39

What 2 common food products are produced using lactic acid bacteria?

Answer 39

Cheese and yoghurt

Question 40

What 4 main steps does cheese making involve?

Answer 40

Acidification, coagulation, dehydration, salting.

Question 41

pH of yoghurt?

Answer 41

4

Question 42

Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria feed on which parts of sewage?

Answer 42

``` Aerobic = liquid sewage. Anaerobic = solid sewage. ```

Question 43

How is penicillin made?

Answer 43

Fermentation of the mould, Penicillium, or synthetically.

Question 44

Epidemiology

Answer 44

Study of patterns of disease

Question 45

Food poisoning

Answer 45

Any illness caused by eating food contaminated by bacteria or their toxins.

Question 46

Common bacteria causing food poisoning

Answer 46

Campylobacter, Salmonella, E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria, Clostridium botulinum

Question 47

Poisoning from Campylobacter and Salmonella usually caused by?

Answer 47

Undercooked chicken

Question 48

What are most plant diseases caused by?

Answer 48

Fungi

Question 49

Dying plant parts and brown spots could indicate...

Answer 49

Grey mould (fungi) infection

Question 50

What bacteria attacks the leaves of Golden Kiwifruit?

Answer 50

Psa

Question 51

Why do pathogenic micro-organisms cause a range of diseases in humans?

Answer 51

Warm, moist bodies provide excellent conditions for growth and reproduction (each pathogen has it's own environmental requirements)

Question 52

Can bacteria, and spores from bacteria and fungi grow on objects that are made from plant and animal materials (e.g wood, cotton, leather, wool)? How do the micro-organisms feed?

Answer 52

Yes. Feed by extracellular digestion.

Question 53

Why is unnecessary prescribing of antibiotics bad?

Answer 53

Encourages the development of resistant bacteria.