Biology - 90928 - 1.4

Question 1

Does a plant produced by sexual reproduction have the same or different genetic makeup from it’s parent plants?

Answer 1

Different

Question 2

What is the male gametes in plants?

Answer 2

Pollen, formed by meiosis in the anther of the flower

Question 3

What is the female gametes in plants?

Answer 3

Ovules, formed in the ovary.

Question 4

Anther

Answer 4

The pollen producing part of a plant

Question 5

What is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma called?

Answer 5

Pollination

Question 6

Can pollination occur between plants of different species?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

Cross-pollination

Answer 7

Transfer of pollen from anther in one plant, to the stigma of another plant (same species)

Question 8

Self-pollination

Answer 8

Transfer of pollen in the same plant.

Question 9

Insect pollination

Answer 9

An insect transfers the pollen. The plants have brightly coloured flowers and nectar to attract insects, and pollen that sticks to the insect.

Question 10

Wind pollination

Answer 10

Pollen is blown from anther to stigma. Plants produce lots of light, smooth, round pollen.

Question 11

What happens when pollen lands on a stigma of the same species? (Fertilisation).

Answer 11

Chemicals on the stigma cause the pollen to grow. The pollen grows a thin tube down the style and into the ovary, where the genetic material in the pollen joins with the genetic material of an ovule.

Question 12

After fertilisation, the ovules in the ovary develop into..

Answer 12

Seeds

Question 13

Testa

Answer 13

Outer covering of a seed, also called the seed coat

Question 14

Radicle

Answer 14

First part of a seedling (a growing plant embryo) to emerge from the seed during the process of germination. The radicle is the embryonic root of the plant, and grows downward in the soil (the shoot emerges from the plumule).

Question 15

Plumule

Answer 15

The young shoot of a plant embryo above the cotyledons, consisting of the epicotyl and often of immature leaves.

Question 16

Cotyledons

Answer 16

A leaf of the embryo of a seed plant, which upon germination either remains in the seed or emerges, enlarges, and becomes green.

Question 17

Micropyle

Answer 17

A small opening in the surface of an ovule, through which the pollen tube penetrates, often visible as a small pore in the ripe seed.

Question 18

After fertilisation, what does the ovary of a flower develop into?

Answer 18

A fruit

Question 19

Asexual reproduction as called?

Answer 19

Vegetative reproduction

Question 20

Does a plant produced by asexual reproduction have the same or different genetic makeup as it’s parent plant?

Answer 20

Same.

Question 21

Can a plant reproduce both sexually and asexually?

Answer 21

Yes

Question 22

Can new plants grow from part of a plant?

Answer 22

Yes, in some species. E.g dandelions plants are able to grow from parts of a broken main root.

Question 23

What are cuttings, tubers, rhizomes, runners, bulbs, and corm examples of?

Answer 23

Asexual repreoduction

Question 24

Photosynthesis

Answer 24

Process by which plants make glucose from carbon dioxide and water, using chlorophyll (green pigment) and energy from light.

Question 25

How is glucose stored by plants?

Answer 25

As starch

Question 26

Chlorophyll

Answer 26

Green pigment

Question 27

Photosynthesis equation

Answer 27

CO2 + water (plus chlorophyll and light) -\> glucose + O2

Question 28

Main plant structure involved in photosynthesis

Answer 28

Leaves

Question 29

Properties of leaves that help them carry out photosynthesis efficiently?

Answer 29

Thin (gases don't travel far), flat (large surface area to trap light), arranged strategically, green because of chlorophyll, covered in waxy cuticle layer to stop leaf drying out.

Question 30

Label parts of a leaf

Answer 30

dd

Question 31

How can we test for starch in a leaf (to indicate photosynthesis has been occuring)?

Answer 31

1. Boil leaf in water to remove waxy cuticle 2. Boil leaf in meths to remove chlorophyll 3. Wash leave with boiling water 4. Add 3-4 drops of iodine solution to test for starch 5. A blue-black colour indicates starch is present

Question 32

What factors increase photosynthesis

Answer 32

More CO2, more light intensity, more temperature (to a point), enough magnesium, enough water, changing wavelength of light (chlorophyll absorbs all colours of light except green)

Question 33

Broadly, what does growth in plants do?

Answer 33

Increases height, increases width, produces more leaves, replaces tissue

Question 34

Germination

Answer 34

Growth of an embryo plant within a seed

Question 35

Dormant seeds

Answer 35

Inactive seeds that can lie dormant for years until the right conditions develop

Question 36

How does germination begin and what is required for germination?

Answer 36

The seed takes in water. Needs water, oxygen, and a suitable temperature.

Question 37

During germination, what grows first, followed by what, and then what happens?

Answer 37

The root of the embryo (the radicle) grows, then the shoot (or plumule), then lateral roots begin to form, then the embryo uses nutrients stored in the seed to grow into a seedling.

Question 38

What affects the germination of seeds

Answer 38

Water, oxygen, temperature, and sometimes light (but not always)

Question 39

What 3 processes are linked to primary growth in plants?

Answer 39

Mitosis, elongation, differentiation

Question 40

Mitosis

Answer 40

Cell division, occurs at growing points such as the apical meristem and root tips

Question 41

Elongation

Answer 41

Occurs just behind the growing points - individual cells get bigger

Question 42

Differentiation

Answer 42

Occurs slightly further away from the growing points. Cells change from a general shape to the shape they will be to carry out their function.

Question 43

Secondary growth

Answer 43

Plants that live longer than 1 or 2 years grow wider by secondary growth. It occurs in the cambium layer betwen the xylem and phloem in the vascular tissue

Question 44

During secondary growth, what happens to cells in the cambium layer?

Answer 44

They divide to form new cells. New cells formed on the outside of the cambium differentiate to become phloem. Older phloem cells become blocked and are no longer able to transport nutrients - they become bark. Cells formed on the inside of the cambium become xylem. Older xylem cells can no longer transport water and minerals - they become wood.

Question 45

Annual rings

Answer 45

Xylem cells formed at differnt parts of the year are different sizes, which gives the wood a pattern of light and dark bands.

Question 46

Why do plants often grow well in spring?

Answer 46

Greater amount of water, suitable temperature result in larger xylem vessels being produced.

Question 47

Can the amount of nutrients in the growth media affect growth?

Answer 47

Yes. Nutrients affect growth and photosynthesis (e.g magnesium needs to be present).

Question 48

4 parts of a flower

Answer 48

Sepals, petals, stamen (male), carpel (female)

Question 49

How do leaves turn into flowers?

Answer 49

When conditions are suitable and nutrients available, at least four genes (A, B, C, D) are expressed in cells that become flowers. The four genes work together to produce the four parts of the flower.