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GCSE > Biology - Additional > Flashcards

Biology - Additional Flashcards

1
Q

Where does photosynthesis happen?

A

In the chloroplasts
- chloroplasts contain a green substances called chlorophyll this absorbs sunlight and uses its energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen

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2
Q

How are leafs adapted to increase the rate of photosynthesis?

A
  • broad leafs - this increases surface area for light to fall on
  • chlorophyll and chloroplasts absorb light energy
  • big spaces to allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse in and out
  • have veins which brings lots of water to the plant cells
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3
Q

What is mesophyll tissue?
What is xylem and phloem tissue?
What is epidermal tissue?

A
  • where most if the photosynthesis happen in a plant
  • transport tissue
  • covers the plants
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4
Q

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

A

Light
Temperature - denature or slow
Carbon dioxide

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5
Q

What is a hydroponic?

A

Its when plants are grown in water with a perfect balance of mineral ions instead of soil so nothing slows down growth

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6
Q

How do plants use glucose?

A

Respiration
- the glucose collected in leaves can then be used for respiration, thus releasing energy and enabling them to convert the rest of glucose into various other substances which can be used to build new substances and grow
Cell walls
- glucose can be converted into cellulose for making strong cell walls
Proteins
- amino acids and nitrate ions are combined with glucose to make amino acids which are then made into protein
Seeds
- glucose is turned into lipase for storing in seeds
Starch
- glucose is turned into starch and stored into roots and steams and leaves in a insoluble form this is for photosynthesis in the winter

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7
Q

Why are organisms distributed?

A
  • temperature
  • water availability
  • carbon dioxide and oxygen availability
  • nutrients availability
  • amount of light
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8
Q

How does a quadrat work?

A
  1. Use a random number generator to decide where to place the quadrat randomly
  2. Count all the organisms within the quadrat
  3. Repeat steps 1 and 2
  4. Work out the mean number of organisms per quadrat
  5. Second sample area
  6. Compare results
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9
Q

How do transects work?

A
  1. Mark out s line using a tape measure
  2. Then collect data alkng line
  3. Count organisms that touch the line or use a quadrat placed along the line next to each other or at regular intervals
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10
Q

How does a greenhouse work?

A
  • Traps suns heat to make sure temperature doesn’t become limiting, they may use a heater if too cold
  • light is always needed for photosynthesis so there is a supply for artificial light
  • increase the level of carbon dioxide, they use a paraffin heater to not only heat the greenhouse but burning paraffin makes carbon dioxide as a by-product
  • enclosed plants are kept from pests and diseases they can also provide minerals and fertilisers for healthy growth
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11
Q

What are the pros and cons of a greenhouse?

A

Expensive

Plants grow faster so higher yield and higher profit

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12
Q

What is the equation of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water = glucose + oxygen

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13
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Controls the activities of a cell

- contains genetic material

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14
Q

What does the cytoplasm of a cell do?

A

Its the liquid gel where most of the chemical reactions happen
It contains enzymes that control the chemical reactions

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15
Q

What is the mitochondria of the cell?

A

Where the reaction for respiration happen

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16
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose, this supports and strengthens it

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17
Q

What is the permanent vacuole do?

A

It contains the cell sap which has sugar and salt in it, it also keeps the cell rigid

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18
Q

What are the ribosomes in the cell used for?

A

Protein synthesis, where protein is made

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19
Q

Describe how yeast work?

A
  • microorganisms
  • nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall and cytoplasm
  • reproduce by asexual budding - they grow from the original cell to form a new separate yeast organism
  • specialised to survive without oxygen
  • anaerobic - produces ethanol and carbon dioxide this is called fermentation
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20
Q

Describe bacterial organism

A
  • single celled organism
  • no nucleus but genetic material called plasmid which floats in the cytoplasm
  • cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, flagella, protein strand is used to move around
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21
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

  • solution and gases only
  • the bigger the difference in concentration the faster the diffusion rate
22
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When a cell becomes specialised for a particular function

23
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells that work together to carry out a particular function

24
Q

What does the muscular tissue do?

A

It contracts and shortens to move what is attached to it

25
Q

What does the glandular tissue do?

A

It makes and secretes chemicals such as enzymes and hormones

26
Q

What does the epithelial tissue?

A

It covers the part of the organ

27
Q

What is a organ?

A

A group of different tissues that work to get her to perform a certain function

28
Q

What does the muscular tissue do in the stomach?

A

This moves the stomach wall to churn up the food

29
Q

What does the glandular tissue do in the stomach?

A

Makes digestive juices to digest food

30
Q

What does the epithelial tissue do in the stomach?

A

Is covers the outside and inside of the stomach

31
Q

How are the organs organised in the digestive system?

A
  • glands produce digestive enzymes
  • stomach and small intestine digest food
  • liver produces bile
  • small intestine absorbs soluble food molecules
  • large intestine absorb water from undigested food
32
Q

What enzymes are used in biological detergents and why are they used?

A
  • protease and lipase

- because they can break down fats and food stains moreover they could remove blood stains

33
Q

What temperature do biological detergents work best at?

A

Low temperatures

34
Q

What enzymes are used in baby foods and why?

A

Protease because the pre-digest the baby food so they can digest it quicker

35
Q

What enzyme turns glucose into fructose?

A

Isomerase

36
Q

Why would you eat fructose over glucose?

A

Fructose is sweeter so you can have less off it so therefore its good for slimming foods and drinks

37
Q

What are the benefits and cons of using enzymes in industry?

A

+ specific, can only catalyse the reaction you want
+ low temperatures and pressures means a lower cost due to saving energy
+ work for a long time
+ biodegradable so cause less environmental problems
- develop allergies to the enzymes
- enzymes are denatured by the small increase in temperature and pH so they most be tightly controlled
- can be expensive to produce
- contamination of enzyme with other substances can affect the reaction

38
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance which increases the speed of a reaction without being changed or used up in the reaction

39
Q

What is good about biological catalysts?

A

It reduces the need for higher temperatures and speed up useful reactions therefore decreasing the amount of energy we need to use

40
Q

Describe an enzyme shape

A

The substrate of the reactions fits into the active site of the enzymes m, once in place the enzyme and substrate bind together. The reaction takes place rapidly and the products are released from the surface of the enzyme

41
Q

How does temperature effect an enzyme?

A

A increase in temperature increases the rate at first then if it gets to hot the enzyme will denature and the amino acids will begin to unwind therefore the active site will be destroyed

42
Q

How does pH effect an enzyme?

A

If too high or too low it could break the bonds therefore the active site will be lost denaturing the enzyme

43
Q

How is starch digested?

A

By amylase in the mouth and carbohydrase everywhere else, it is converted into sugars

44
Q

Where is amylase found?

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Small intestine

45
Q

How is protein broken down?

A

Broken down by protease into amino acids

46
Q

Where is protease found and made?

A

Stomach (pepsin)
Pancreas
Small intestine

47
Q

How are fats broken down?

A

Broken down by lipase into glycerol and fatty acids

48
Q

Where is lipase made?

A

Pancreas

Small intestine

49
Q

What does bile do?

A

Neutralise stomach acid

Emulsifies fat

50
Q

Why does bile emulsify fat?

A

To increase the surface area making digestion faster

51
Q

Where is bile produced in and where is it stored?

A

Bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder before being released into the small intestine

52
Q

What does hydrochloric acid do?

A

Kills bacteria

Gives right pH for protease to work in

GCSE (55 decks)

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