Biology AoS #1 Preparation Flashcards
(306 cards)
1
Q
What are integral proteins?
A
Proteins that are a permanent part of the membrane
2
Q
What are transmembrane proteins?
A
Integral proteins that span the entire bilayer
3
Q
What are peripheral proteins?
A
Proteins that a temporarily attached to the plasma membrane
4
Q
What are the four functions of proteins?
A
- Transport
- Catalysis
- Communication
- Adhesion
5
Q
What is the transport role for proteins?
A
Channels or pumps that control what enters and exits the cell, making the plasma membrane selectively permeable
6
Q
What is the proteins role of catalysis?
A
Speeding up chemical reactions with the help of a protein group called enzymes
7
Q
What is the proteins role for communication?
A
Receive or recognize cells and molecules. Often attached to the cytoskeleton to transmit signals into the cell.
8
Q
What is the proteins role for adhesion?
A
Stick to other cells, the extracellular matrix, or the cytoskeleton
9
Q
Describe the structure of carbohydrates.
A
Usually in chains that extend outside of the cell, rooted in the membrane to lipids or protein
10
Q
Describe the function of carbohydrates.
A
Aid with cell-cell communication, signaling, recognition, of self or non self (foreign), molecules, and adhesion
11
Q
Describe the structure of cholesterol.
A
Embeds itself between the fatty acid tails of the phospholipid bilayer in animal cell
12
Q
What are the functions of cholesterol.
A
- Regulates the fluidity of the membrane
- At higher temperature, keeps membrane bound together
- At lower temperatures, it disrupts the fatty acid tails, stopping the phospholipids from becoming a solid boundary
13
Q
What are the two main factors of the fluid mosaic model?
A
1) Molecules that make up the membrane aren’t held static in one place
2) Many different types of molecules are embedded in the plasma membrane
14
Q
Define active transport
A
Movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane that requires energy
15
Q
What are the two types of active transport?
A
- Protein mediated
- Bulk transport
16
Q
What does protein mediated transport require?
A
Energy; usually in the form of ATP
Membrane proteins; protein carriers, protein channels
17
Q
Brief version of steps for protein mediated transport?
A
1) Binding
2) Conformational change
3) Release
18
Q
Describe the first step for protein mediated transport.
A
The target molecule for transport binds to a specific protein pump
19
Q
Describe the second step for protein mediated transport.
A
Energy released from the reaction ATP = ADP + P which causes a conformational change within the protein pump.
20
Q
Describe the third step for protein mediated transport.
A
The target molecule is pushed through the protein and released to the other side of the membrane
21
Q
How many steps are there for protein mediated transport?
A
3
22
Q
Where does the energy come from in step 2 of conformational change for protein mediated transport?
A
Energy comes from breaking the bond between the second and third phosphate ions in the ATP molecule
23
Q
Is bulk transport passive or active transport?
A
Active
24
Q
Define bulk transport
A
The movement of groups of molecules across the plasma membrane
25
What does bulk transport use?
Vesicles
26
What are the two forms of bulk transport?
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
27
Define exocytosis.
A type of active transport; bulk transport; involves molecules exiting the cell
28
Define endocytosis
A type of active transport; bulk transport; involves molecules entering the cell
29
How many steps are there in exocytosis?
3
30
What are the brief names for each three steps of exocytosis?
1. Vesicle transport
2. Fusion
3. Release
31
Describe step one of exocytosis.
A vesicle containing secretory products is transported to the plasma membrane
32
Describe step two of exocytosis.
The membranes of the vesicles and cell fuse
33
Describe step three of exocytosis
Secretory products are released from the vesicle and out of the cell
34
What are secretory products?
Substances inside a vesicle that are being transported out of the cell.
35
What happens when the membranes of the vesicles and cells' fuse?
When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane it adds phospholipids to the bilayer and makes the plasma membrane surface area slightly bigger
36
Why is endocytosis important?
It is important as many molecules the cell needs to survive are too large to take in through protein channels
It can also be an effective defense mechanism for the cell
37
One worded steps of endocytosis.
1) Fold
2) Trap
3) Bud
38
Describe the fold stage of endocytosis.
The plasma membrane folds inwards to form a cavity that fills with extracellular fluid and the target molecules.
39
Describe the trap stage of endocytosis.
The plasma membrane continues folding back on itself until two ends of the membrane meets and fuse. This traps the molecules inside the vesicle
40
Describe the bud stage of endocytosis
The vesicle pinches off from the membrane. It can then be transported to the appropriate cellular location
41
What are two types of endocytosis.
- phagocytosis
- pinocytosis
42
Define phagocytosis
Endocytosis for food particles and other solid materials
43
Define pinocytosis
Endocytosis of liquid or dissolved substances
44
Define passive transport.
The movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane and down the concentration gradient without an input of energy
45
What are the three types of passive transport?
- Diffusion
- Facilitated diffusion
- Osmosis
46
Define diffusion
The movement of particles down their concentration gradients
Occurs when molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
47
Two features allowing molecules to diffuse freely
- Polarity
- Size
48
How does polarity affect a molecules ability to diffuse freely?
Nonpolar, uncharged, or hydrophobic molecules can cross the membrane as most of the plasma membrane is nonpolar
49
How does size affect a molecules ability to diffuse freely?
Small molecules like water are able to slip through the lipids in the phospholipid bilayer. However, if the molecule is highly charged, than it can not pass.
50
What affects the speed of diffusion?
Diffusion is faster when the concentration gradient is steeper - that is when there is a greater difference in concentration between intracellular and extracellular environments. It will also speed up at higher temperatures.
51
Define facilitated diffusion
Molecules that are too large or too charged to freely cross the plasma membrane can use a membrane protein, such as a protein channel, to move down their concentration gradient into or out of the cell
52
What are protein channels?
Pores or holes in the membrane that let specific substances through
53
What are carrier proteins?
Proteins that bind to the substance that is being transported and undergo a conformational change to push the substance down its concentration through to the other side of the membrane. They return to their original shape once the molecule has been transported
54
What is conformational change?
A change in three dimensional shape of macromolecules such as proteins
55
Does diffusion (simple) require a protein?
No.
56
Define osmosis
The diffusion of water from an area of low solute to an area of high solute concentration
57
What property of cells does tonicity effect?
Size
58
Do all cells have a plasma membrane?
Yes
59
What does the plasma membrane separate?
The intracellular from the extracellular environments
60
What is the name of the bilayer that makes up the plasma membrane
The phospholipid bilayer
61
What is another name for the plasma membrane?
The cell membrane
62
What is the main component of the plasma membrane?
Phospholipids
63
What two main components make up a phospholipid
Phosphate head, two fatty acid tails
64
What is the phosphate head in the plasma membrane made up of?
Made of glycerol and phosphate group
65
What charge do the phosphate heads have?
Negative
66
Is the phosphate head hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophilic
67
Hydrophilic means in two words
Water loving
68
Is the phosphate head polar or nonpolar?
Polar
69
What are the two fatty acid tails made up of?
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen
70
What charge do the two fatty acid tails have?
No charge
71
Are the fatty acid tails hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
Hydrophobic
72
Are the fatty acid tails polar or nonpolar?
Nonpolar
73
Hydrophobic in two words
Water fearing
74
The fatty acid tails form what portion of the bilayer?
Middle
75
What are amphipathic molecules?
Molecules that have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
76
Is the plasma membrane amphipathic?
Yes
77
What is another name for amphipathic?
Amphiphilic
78
Animal cell reaction in a hypotonic solution.
Lysed
79
Plant cell reaction in a hypotonic solution
Turgid
80
Animal cell in an isotonic solution.
Normal
81
Plant cell in an isotonic solution.
Flaccid
82
Animal cell in a hypertonic solution
Shrivelled
83
Plant cell in a hypertonic solution
Plasmolysed
84
What are eight qualities that all living things possess
1. Movement
2. Respiration
3. Sensitivity
4. Growth
5. Reproduction
6. Equilibrium
7. Excretion
8. Nutrition
85
3 things that the cell theory states
1. All living things are made up of cells
2. Cells are the smallest and most basic units of life
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
86
What two categories can ALL organisms be classified as
Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic
87
The six kingdoms of life
- Animalia
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Protista
88
What 4 things do both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells have in common?
- Plasma membrane
- Cytosol
- Ribosomes
- DNA
89
Do eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles?
Yes
90
Do prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles?
No
91
Explain the DNA organization in eukaryotes
More than one linear strand of DNA packaged in a chromosome in a nucleus
92
Explain the DNA organization in prokaryotes
One circular chromosome and additional plasmids
93
Eukaryotic organism nature
Can be unicellular or multicelluar
94
Prokaryotic organism nature
Unicellular
95
Which is larger in size
Eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes are larger in size than prokaryotes
96
Eukaryotic methods of cell replication
Mitosis and Meiosis
97
Prokaryotic method of cell replication
Binary fission
98
Three domains of living things
- Archaea
- Bacteria
- Eukarya
99
Which of the three living domains are prokaryotic domains?
Archaea and Bacteria
100
Which of the three living domains are eukaryotic domains?
Eukarya
101
What are the four kingdoms of Eukarya?
- Animalia
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Protista
102
How many kingdoms are there of life?
6
103
Animalia - type of organism
Eukaryotic
104
Archaea - type of organism
Prokaryotic
105
Bacteria - type of organism
Prokaryotic
106
Fungi - type of organism
Eukaryotic
107
Plantae - type of organism
Eukaryotic
108
Protista - type of organism
Eukaryotic
109
Animalia - organism nature
Multicellular
110
Archaea - organism nature
Unicellular
111
Bacteria - organism nature
Unicellular
112
Fungi - organism nature
Unicellular or multicellular
113
Plantae - organism nature
Multicellular
114
Protista - organism nature
Unicellular or multicellular
115
Are archaea living things?
Yes
116
Does cell theory apply to all living things?
Yes
117
What is the nucleus' role?
To protect and confine genetic information (DNA) of the cell
118
What smaller structure is inside the nucleus?
Nucleolus
119
What does the nucleolus produce?
Ribosomes
120
Where can ribosomes be found in the cell?
They can float freely in the cytoplasm or be attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
121
What do ribosomes help make?
Proteins
122
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum's job?
To synthesize and modify proteins
123
Where is the rough endoplasmic reticulum found in the cell?
Typically surrounds, or is close to the nucleus
124
Is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum coated with ribosomes?
No
125
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?
The production of lipids
126
What is the Golgi Apparatus' job?
The site of packaging, protein sorting, and modification for use in the cell or for export
127
What can fuse with the Golgi Body?
Protein-filled vesicles
128
What is another name for the Golgi Apparatus?
Golgi Body
129
What does a lysosome contain?
Digestive enzymes
130
What is the job of the lysosome?
Responsible for breaking down cell waste and toxins, acting like a garbage disposal
131
What is the mitochondrion's job?
The site of aerobic cellular respiration, a chemical reaction that produces ATP which is required to power cellular processes
132
Does the mitochondria contain their own DNA and ribosomes?
Yes
133
What process occurs in chloroplasts?
Photosynthesis
134
What color are chloroplasts
Green
135
Do chloroplasts contain their own DNA and ribosomes?
Yes
136
What type of cell are chloroplasts found in?
Plant cells
137
What is the job of the vacuole?
Used for water and solute storage.
In plant cells, help maintain structure
138
What is the cell wall?
A sturdy border outside the plasma membrane that provides strength and structure to plant, bacterial, and fungal cells.
139
What is a vesicle?
A small, membrane bound sac that transports substances into and out of a cell, stores substances within a cell
140
What is the function of the cytoskeleton
Critical for maintaining shape and transporting vesicles around the cell.
141
What are the three non-membrane-bound organelles?
Ribosomes, cell wall, cytoskeleton
142
What is the cells primary method of producing energy?
Cellular respiration
143
Two ways cellular respiration can occur
Aerobically, anaerobically
144
Word formula for aerobic cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
145
Chemical formula for aerobic cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36 ATP
146
Which two cells are chloroplasts found in?
Plant and some types of protista
147
Word formula of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water = Glucose + Oxygen
148
Chemical formula formula for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
149
Three main differences between plant and animal cells.
- Plant cells have a cell wall, whilst animal cells do not
- Plant cells have chloroplasts whilst animal cells do not
- Vacuoles in animal cells are small but many; vacuoles in plants are large and in one
150
Is the nucleus a membrane-bound organelle?
Yes
151
Is the rough endoplasmic reticulum a membrane-bound organelle?
Yes
152
Is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum a membrane bound organelle?
Yes
153
Are ribosomes membrane bound?
No
154
Is the Golgi Body membrane bound?
Yes
155
Is the lysosome membrane bound?
Yes
156
Is the mitochondria membrane bound?
Yes
157
Is the chloroplast membrane bound?
Yes
158
Are vacuoles membrane bound?
Yes
159
Is the plasma membrane membrane bound?
No
160
Is the cell wall membrane bound?
No
161
Is the vesicle membrane bound?
Yes
162
Is the cytoskeleton membrane bound?
No
163
Is the nucleus found in plant cells?
Yes
164
Is the rough endoplasmic reticulum found in plant cells?
Yes
165
Is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in plant cells?
Yes
166
Are ribosomes found in plant cells?
Yes
167
Is the Golgi Body found in plant cells?
Yes
168
Is the lysosome found in plant cells?
Yes
169
Is the mitochondria found in plant cells?
Yes
170
Are chloroplasts found in plant cells?
Yes
171
Are vacuoles found in plant cells?
Yes
172
Is the plasma membrane found in plant cells?
Yes
173
Is the cell wall found in plant cells
Yes
174
Are vesicles found in plant cells?
Yes
175
Is the cytoskeleton found in plant cells?
Yes
176
Is the nucleus found in animal cells?
Yes
177
Is the rough endoplasmic reticulum found in animal cells?
Yes
178
Is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in animal cells?
Yes.
179
Are the ribosomes found in animal cells?
Yes
180
Is the Golgi Body found in animal cells?
Yes
181
Are lysosomes found in animal cells?
Yes
182
Are mitochondria found in animal cells?
Yes
183
Are chloroplasts found in animal cells?
No
184
Are vacuoles found in animal cells?
Yes
185
Is the plasma membrane found in animal cells?
Yes
186
Is the cell wall found in animal cells?
No
187
Are vesicles found in animal cells?
Yes
188
Is the cytoskeleton found in animal cells?
Yes
189
The two benefits of having small cells
1. The exchange of materials with the extracellular environment can occur efficiently and effectively due to a high surface area to volume ratio.
2. Distances to travel within the cell are smaller, so the intracellular transport of molecules is faster
190
Why do cells need to maximize their surface area to volume ratio?
To increase transport efficiency
191
Three purposes of cell replication
1. Growth and development
2. Maintenance and repair
3. Reproduction
192
What is the name of the process through prokaryotic cells reproduce?
Binary fission
193
What type of reproduction does binary fission belong to?
Asexual reproduction
194
What does binary fission produce?
Two identical copies of a cell
195
What is asexual reproduction?
A method of reproduction that produces genetically identical cells without the fusion of sex cells
196
What is step one of binary fission?
A prokaryotic cell before cellular replication
197
What is step two of binary fission?
The circular chromosome is uncoiled and the DNA is replicated. Plasmids also replicate.
198
What is step three of binary fission?
The cell goes longer as it prepares to separate into two new cells and the duplicated chromosomes migrate to opposite ends
199
What is step four of binary fission?
The cells begins to undergo cytokinesis - the process of separating into two cells - pinching inwards and created a septum (dividing wall).
200
What is step five of binary fission?
A new cell wall and membrane are formed down the center of the cell.
201
What is step six of binary fission?
Two generically identical cells are formed
202
Give four mains steps of binary fission
D - DNA replication
E - Elongation
S - Septum formation
C - Cell division
203
Is cell replication a form of exponential or linear growth?
Exponential growth
204
What are the three stages that compose the eukaryotic cell cycle.
Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
205
Describe interphase
Cellular growth and duplication of chromosomes
206
Describe mitosis
Separation of sister chromatids and the formation of two nuclei.
207
What are sister chromatids?
The two identical halves of a replication chromosome
208
Describe cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm and formation of two daughter cells.
209
T/F: Interphase is the first and longest stage of the cell cycle
True
210
What happens during interphase?
The cell synthesizes the necessary DNA, proteins, and organelles required for growth and replication.
211
What are the three sub-stages of interphase?
- G1
- S
- G2
212
What does G1 mean?
Gap 1
213
What are three things that happen in G1?
- Increasing the volume of its cytosol
- Synthesizing proteins for DNA replication
- Replicating its organelles
214
What happens at the end of the G1 phase?
Cell either proceeds to the S phase or exits the cell cycle and enters the G0 phase.
215
What does G0 stand for?
Gap zero
216
Why do some cells go to the G0 phase?
As some cells are not required to replicate rest in the G0 phase.
217
What types of cells attend the G0 phase?
Quiescent and terminally differentiated
218
What are quiescent cells?
Dormant cells which can re-enter the cell cycle
219
What are terminally differentiated cells?
Cells that have fully specialized and no longer replicate
220
Can quiescent cells re-enter the cell cycle?
Yes
221
Can terminally differentiated cells re-enter the cell cycle?
No
222
What does the S Phase stand for?
Synthesis phase
223
What happens during the S phase?
The cell replicates its DNA turning one chromosome into two genetically identical sister chromatids.
224
How are sister chromatids held together?
By a centromere
225
What is a centromere?
The structure which holds two sister chromatids together.
226
Are sister chromatids considered a single chromosome?
Yes
227
What are somatic cells?
Any cell that is not a reproductive cell.
228
What is 'diploid'
Cells or organisms that have two sets of chromosomes
Diploid = 2n
229
Are somatic cells diploid?
Yes
230
What does it mean to be diploid?
It contains two sets of paired chromosomes.
231
How many chromosome pairs are in humans?
23
232
How many chromosomes will each somatic cell contain?
46
233
After the S phase, how many chromosomes will each somatic cell contain?
46
234
Diploid cells are also referred to being what?
2n
235
What does n refer to in 2n?
Number of sets of chromosomes
236
What does G2 stand for?
Gap 2
237
What is the final phase of interphase?
G2
238
What are two things that are involved with the G2 phase?
- Increasing the volume of cytosol
- Synthesizing proteins in preparation for mitosis
239
What is the second stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
Mitosis
240
Overall, what does mitosis involve?
The separation of the newly replicated chromosomes into two new nuclei
241
What is the third stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
Cytokinesis
242
What is the final stage of the eukaryotic cell cycle?
Cytokinesis
243
Overall, what happens during cytokinesis?
The cell divides into two daughter cells
244
What is a daughter cell?
The formation of a new cell following cell replication
245
What are the four sub-stages of mitosis?
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
246
What is chromosome condensation?
The shortening and thickening of chromosomes, as DNA is tightly wrapped around histone proteins
247
What are centrioles?
Cylindrical structures composed of protein which form spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis
248
What a spindle fibers?
Structures which aid in the movement of chromosomes to either pole of the cell during mitosis and meiosis
249
What is the equator of a cell?
The center line between opposite ends of the cell that the chromosomes line up on during metaphase
250
What happens during prophase?
Begins with the condensation of chromatin around histones into distinct chromosomes, so that they become visible under a microscope.
The centrioles migrate towards opposite ends of the cell
Spindle fibers begin to form
The nuclear membrane breaks down and the nucleolus disappears.
251
What happens during metaphase?
The spindle fibers fully form
Spindle fibers attach to the centromere of each chromosome.
Spindle fibers guide the chromosomes towards the equator of the cell where they line up
252
What happens during anaphase?
The spindle fibers contract
The centromere splits
The sister chromatids get pulled to opposite ends of the cell
253
What happens in telophase?
The chromosomes densely pack together at the poles of the cell
Two identical nuclei are produced
Spindle fibers disintegrate
Chromosomes decondense
254
Cytokinesis occurs after what?
Mitosis
255
What happens in cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides
Organelles distribute evenly
Separation into two daughter cells
256
What do animals use for cytokinesis?
Cleavage furrow
257
What do plants use for cytokinesis?
Cell plate
258
What are the 3 checkpoints for regulation in the cell cycle?
- G1 checkpoint
- G2 checkpoint
- Metaphase checkpoint
259
What does the G1 checkpoint do?
Check cell growth
Check DNA synthesis
Checks if DNA has been damaged
260
What does the G2 checkpoint do?
Ensure DNA has replicated properly
Checks if cell has enough resources to begin mitosis
261
What does the metaphase checkpoint do?
Checks formation of spindle fibers
Checks if chromosomes are in correct position
Checks if cell can proceed to anaphase
262
What is apoptosis?
The natural and controlled death of cells
263
How many cells is our body made up of?
30 - 40 trillion cells
264
What triggers apoptosis?
- when a cell begins to malfunction
- a cell becomes damaged
- a cell becomes unnecessary
265
What are the two pathways of apoptosis?
- Mitochondrial pathway
- Death receptor pathway
266
Apoptosis is activated by what
Caspase enzymes
267
Mitochondrial pathway steps
1. Mitochondria detect damage
2. Mitochondria release cytochrome c into the cytosol
3. Cytochrome c binds with cytosolic proteins
4. Apoptosome is formed
5. Caspase enzyme is activated
268
Death receptor pathway steps
1. Death signaling molecules can be recognized by death receptor proteins on the surface of cells
2. Death signaling molecules bind to death signaling proteins
3. Caspase enzyme is activated
269
What is another way cells can die (not apoptosis)
Necrosis
270
Is necrosis regulated or un-regulated?
Un-regulated
271
Describe necrosis
Cells swell, burst, and release contents into surrounding environment.
272
What can necrosis lead to?
Inflammation and damage to nearby cells
273
What are the brief stages after caspase enzyme activation in apoptosis?
1. Activation of caspase
2. Digestion of cell contents
3. Cell shrinks
4. Membrane blebbing and breakage
274
Describe what happens when the caspase enzyme is activated.
Cytochrome C is released
275
What happens during the stage of digestion of cell contents during apoptosis?
Break down of organelles
276
What happens during the stage the cell shrinks during apoptosis?
The cell and nucleus shrink, intracellular material is broken down
277
What happens when the cell blebbs in step four of apoptosis?
- Cytoskeleton is digested
- Structural integrity of cell weakened
- Membrane detaches from cell
- Membrane enclosed vesicles known as apoptotic bodies are created an contain broken down intracellular material.
278
What happens after apoptosis?
Phagocytes engulf and digest the apoptotic bodies via phagocytosis
279
What can happen when the cell cycle is disrupted or insufficient?
Damaged cells can replicate exponentially leading to the development of tumors and cancer
280
What two categories can tumors be broken down into?
Benign tumors
Malignant tumors
281
What is the difference between malignant tumors and benign tumors?
Malignant tumors can spread to other parts of the body whilst benign largely cannot.
282
Are benign tumors considered cancerous?
No
283
Are malignant tumors concerous?
Yes
284
Why are malignant tumors cancerous?
Because they can spread
285
What are the five characteristics that both benign and malignant tumors have?
- Self sufficiency
- Antigrowth deactivation
- Increased survival
- Blood supply formation
- Tissue invasion and metastasis
286
Why is apoptosis so important?
Necessary for controlling total cell numbers in the body
To remove diseased and damaged cells
287
What signals does the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis require?
Intracellular signals
288
What signals does the death receptor pathway of apoptosis require?
Extracellular signals
289
A decrease in apoptosis can result in what?
Cancer
290
What are the two requirements to be classified as a stem cell?
- To be unspecialized
- To be capable of self-renewal
291
What does self-renewal mean?
To produce both a differentiated cell and a copy of themselves when they replicate
292
What does the potency of a cell measure?
Its capacity to differentiate into different cell types
293
As stem cells are not all equal, how are they categorized?
Through potency
294
If a stem cell can differentiate into more cell types, the greater its......(fill in word)
Potency
295
What are the 3 main types of stem cells?
- Totipotent
- Pluripotent
- Multipotent
296
What is a totipotent stem cell?
Stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type
297
What is a pluripotent stem cell?
Stem cells that can differentiate into multiple cell types
298
What is a multipotent stem cell?
Stem cells that can differentiate into a limited number of specialized cell types belonging to a specific tissue or organ.
299
A type of totipotent cell
Zygote
300
A type of pluripotent cell
Blastocyst
301
Three types of multipotent cells
Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm
302
Types of ectoderm
Neuron, skin cell, pigment cell
303
Types of mesoderm
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, red blood cells, bone cells
304
Types of endoderm
Stomach cells, liver cells, pancreatic cells
305
Apoptosis is controlled or uncontrolled?
Controlled
306
Is necrosis controlled or uncontrolled?
Uncontrolled
