Biology AP Unit 4 #34-66

Question 1

Mitochondria-

Answer 1

An organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as teh site of cellular respiration; used oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP

Question 2

Chloroplasts-

Answer 2

Found in plats and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water

Question 3

Endosymbiont Theory-

Answer 3

Theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplast, originated as prokaryotic cells englfed by host Ellis. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism

Question 4

Crista-

Answer 4

An unfolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

Question 5

Mitochondrial Matrix-

Answer 5

Compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containg enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well ribosomes and DNA

Question 6

Thylakoids-

Answer 6

A flattened membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Thylakoids exist in stacks called grant that are interconnected and there membranes contain molecular machinery used to convert light energy to chemical energy

Question 7

Granum-

Answer 7

A stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplats. Grant function in teh light reactions of photosynthesis

Question 8

Stroma-

Answer 8

Fluid in chloroplast surrounding the thylakoids membrane and containg ribosomes and DNA involved in teh synthesis of organic molecules form carbon dioxide and water

Question 9

Plastids-

Answer 9

One of a family of closely related organelles that include chloroplast, chromoplats, and amylopectin. Plastids are round in the cell of photosynthetic eukaryotes

Question 10

Peroxisome-

Answer 10

An organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various sub gg states to oxygen producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide

Question 11

Cytoskeleton-

Answer 11

A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm and serves a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions.

Question 12

Motor Proteins-

Answer 12

A protein that interacts with cytoskeleton elements and other cell components, producing movement of teh whole cell or parts of the cell

Question 13

Microtubules-

Answer 13

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella

Question 14

Centorsome-

Answer 14

A structure present in teh cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division. A centrosome has two centrioles.

Question 15

Centriole-

Answer 15

A structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtuble triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern. A centrosome has a pair of centrioles.

Question 16

Flagellum-

Answer 16

A longer cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules.

Question 17

Cilia-

Answer 17

A short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile ilium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; it is formed from a core of nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules

Question 18

Basal Body-

Answer 18

A eukaryotic cell structure consisting of 9+0 arrangement of microtubule triplets. The basal body may or granite the microtubules assembly of a cilium or flagellum and is structurally very similar to a centriole

Question 19

Dyneins-

Answer 19

In a cilia and flagella a large motor protein extending from one microtubule doublet to the adjacent doublet. ATP hydrolysis drives changes in dynein shape that lead to bending of cilia and flagella.

Question 20

Microfilaments-

Answer 20

A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction also known as an active filament

Question 21

Actin-

Answer 21

A globular protein that links into chains, two of which twist helically about each other forming microfiliments in muscle and other kinds of cells

Question 22

Myosin-

Answer 22

A type of motor protein that associates into filaments that interact with actin filaments, causing cell contraction.

Question 23

Intermediate Filaments-

Answer 23

A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments

Question 24

Cell Wall-

Answer 24

Protective layer external to the plasma membrane in the cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists. Polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan are important structural components

Question 25

Primary Cell Wall-

Answer 25

IN plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of a young cell

Question 26

Middle lamella-

Answer 26

IN plants a thin layer of adhesive extracellular material, primary pectins found between the primary walls of adjacent young cells

Question 27

Secondary Cell Wall-

Answer 27

In plant cells a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and that provides protection and support

Question 28

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)-

Answer 28

The meshwork surrounding animal cells consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by the cells

Question 29

Collagen-

Answer 29

A glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix of animal cells that forms strong fibers found extensively in connective tissue and bone the most abundant protein in teh animal kingdom

Question 30

Proteoglycans-

Answer 30

A large molecule consisting of a small core protein with many carbohydrate chains attached found in teh extracellular matrix of animal cells. A proteoglycan may consist of up to 95% carbohydrates

Question 31

Fibronectin-

Answer 31

An extracellular glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that helps them attach to the extracellular matrix

Question 32

Integrins-

Answer 32

In animal cells a transmembrane receptor protein with two subunits that interconnect the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton

Question 33

Plasmodesmata-

Answer 33

Open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells allowing water small solutes and some large molecules to pass between the cells