Biology- B2

Question 1

What is the first and last discrete group?

Answer 1

• the first is Kingdom

- the last is species

Question 2

What do dicrete groups cause problems with?

Answer 2

• intermediate organisms
• hybrids
• asexual organisms

Question 3

What can organisms do?

Answer 3

• eat each other (predators)
• gain from each other (mutualism)
• feed off each other (parasites)

Question 4

How are organisms classified?

Answer 4

• they are classified using natural systems

Question 5

What groups are organisms classified into?

Answer 5

• discrete groups

Question 6

What do natural systems give information about?

Answer 6

• evolutionary relationships

Question 7

What will similar organisms compete with each other for?

Answer 7

• food

Question 8

Which organisms will compete more?

Answer 8

• organisms that are in the same niche or are in the same species

Question 9

At each stage of the food chain, what is lost?

Answer 9

• energy

Question 10

What are food chains limited to?

Answer 10

• a small number of trophic levels

Question 11

What does the recycling of carbon involve?

Answer 11

• photosynthesis
• feeding
• respiration
• decomposition

Question 12

What are organisms in cold conditions adapted to?

Answer 12

• staying warm

- move on the snow

Question 13

What are examples of natural selection occurring today?

Answer 13

• warfarin resistance to rats
• antibiotic resistance to bacteria
• frequency of colour in peppered moths

Question 14

How can pollution be measured?

Answer 14

• by using direct methods or by using indicator species

Question 15

Why is conservation important?

Answer 15

• to protect our food supply
• to prevent damage to food chains
• to protect organisms from medical uses
• to protect habitats for people to visit

Question 16

What does the recycling of nitrogen involve?

Answer 16

• the action of four types of bacteria

Question 17

What does heat loss from organisms depend on?

Answer 17

• their surface area or volume

Question 18

Who came up with the theory about adaptation and natural selection?

Answer 18

• Charles Darwin

Question 19

What will help to conserve habitats and organisms?

Answer 19

• removing waste
• producing food
• supplying energy in a sustainable way

Question 20

What can pyramids of biomass show?

Answer 20

• it can show feeding relationships

Question 21

What shape does a pyramid of biomass form?

Answer 21

• a pyramid

Question 22

What do organisms in hot, dry areas have adaptations to?

Answer 22

• increase heat loss
• move on sand
• cope with lack of water

Question 23

What does Darwins theory of natural selection involve?

Answer 23

• variation
• competition
• survival of the fittest
• selective reproduction

Question 24

An increase of human population has led to what?

Answer 24

• an increase in pollutants such as:

carbon dioxide causing global warming, sulphur dioxide causing acid rain and CFCs breaking down the ozone layer

Question 25

What are the order of the organism groups?

Answer 25

- kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus - species

Question 26

How does the binomial system work?

Answer 26

- there are two parts to the name, the first is genus and the second is species - the genus part starts with a capital letter; the species part darts with a lower-case letter

Question 27

What are some specific problems presented by organisms?

Answer 27

- bacteria do not interbreed, they reproduce asexually, so they cannot be classified into different species using the 'fertile offspring' idea - mules are hybrids, produced when members of two species (a donkey and a horse) interbreed. Hybrids are infertile, so mules cannot be classed as species

Question 28

What do pyramids of biomass show?

Answer 28

- the dry mass of loving material at each stage of a food chain

Question 29

Why may pyramids of numbers and pyramids of biomass look different?

Answer 29

- producers are very large | - a small parasite lives on a large animal

Question 30

As energy flows along a food chain some is used in growth, at each trophic level much energy is transferred into other less forms, what would this be?

Answer 30

- heat from respiration - egestion - excretion

Question 31

Why does carbon need to be recycled?

Answer 31

- so it can become available again to other living organisms

Question 32

How is carbon dioxide removed from the air?

Answer 32

- by photosynthesis in plants

Question 33

How is carbon dioxide released into the air?

Answer 33

- plants and animals respiring - soil bacteria and fungi acting as decomposers - the burning of fossil fuels (combustion)

Question 34

Which microorganisms are responsible for the recycling of nitrogen?

Answer 34

- decomposers are soil badgering and fungi and they convert proteins and urea into ammonia - nitrifying bacteria convert nitrates to nitrogen gas - nitrogen-fixing bacteria living in root nodules (or in the soil) fix nitrogen gas - this also occurs by the action of lightening

Question 35

Competition can be interspecific and intraspecific, what do these mean?

Answer 35

- interspecific is between organisms of different species - intraspecific is between organisms of the same species and is likely o be more significant as the organisms share more similarities and so need the same resources

Question 36

Why do both predator and prey show cyclical changes?

Answer 36

- when there are lots of prey, more predators survive and so their numbers increase - this means that the increase number of predators eat more prey, so prey numbers drop - more predators starve and so their numbers drop

Question 37

What is and example of mutualism?

Answer 37

- insects visit flowers and so transfer pollen, allowing pollination to happen. They are 'rewarded' by surgery nectar from the flower - on some coral reefs 'cleaner' fish regularly visited by larger fish. The large fish benefit by having their parasites removed by the cleaner fish and the cleaner fish gain food

Question 38

What are specialists and generalists?

Answer 38

- specialists are animals are very well adapted to living in their specific habitats that they would struggle to live elsewhere (ie. Polar bears) - generalists can live in several habitats although they will lose to specialists in certain areas (ie. Rats)