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Biology basics Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

How many lone electron pairs does a water molecule have?

A

Two

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2
Q

What kind of shape does a water molecule have?

A

Tetrahedron - because of the two lone electron pairs and the two covalent bonds with the hydrogen atoms. Both the electron pairs and the bonds repel each other, however the bonded electrons are less repellent and stay at the same “end” of the molecule together.

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3
Q

True or false: Water is not a particularly good solvent

A

False - water acts as a solvent in many biological processes

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4
Q

Which feature of water molecules makes it a good solvent?

A

Their polarity

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5
Q

What does the suffix -ide usually indicate?

A

The monoatomic anion of an element

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6
Q

An the molecular formula of an ionic bond, what is the order of the ions?

A

The cation is first, then the anion.

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7
Q

Are hydrocarbons hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic - they are non-polar

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8
Q

What does -ane indicate in chemisty?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon

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9
Q

What is hexane?

A

A six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon

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10
Q

What is this molecule called?

A

Hexane - hex means 6, -ane means a saturated hydrocarbon. So this is a saturated hydrocarbon with six carbons.

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11
Q

Define aqueous solution?

A

A solution in which water is the solvent.

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12
Q

Define a solution

A

A mixture of solute and solvent

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13
Q

What is a solvent?

A

A substance that can dissolve other compounds and molecules.

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14
Q

The process in which molecules or ionic compounds separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions, or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.

A

Dissociation

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15
Q

Define dissociation

A

The process in which molecules or ionic compounds separate into smaller components like ions or atoms, usually in a reversible way

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16
Q

True or false - when sodium chloride is placed in water, it dissociates into sodium and chlorine atoms.

A

False - it dissociates into sodium and chloride ions. The charges of each ion attract different ends of the water molecules which create hydration shells around each ion.

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17
Q

What is the relationship between temperature and solubility for water, and what is the exception?

A

Usually, the higher the temperature, the higher the solubility. The higher temperature increases kinetic energy so the solvent molecules can more effectively break apart the solute molecules that are held together by intermolecular attractions. Unless the solute is a gas.

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18
Q

What is this called and why is it happening?

A

Concave meniscus - occurs when the water molecules in a container are more attracted to the molecules of the container than to each other.

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19
Q

Define capillary action

A

The ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, external forces like gravity. It occurs because of intermolecular forces between the liquid and surrounding solid surfaces.

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20
Q

What is the name of the process by which water is absorbed into a paper towel?

A

Capillary action

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21
Q

What is cohesion?

A

Cohesion refers to the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind

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22
Q

What do we call the attraction of molecules to other molecules of their same kind?

A

Cohesion

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23
Q

Define adhesion

A

The attraction of molecules of one kind to molecules of a different kind

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24
Q

What do we call the attraction of molecules of one kind to molecules of a different kind?

A

Adhesion

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25
Q

Which intermolecular force is responsible for surface tension?

A

Cohesion

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26
Q

Capillary action occurs when _____ forces are stronger than _____ forces

A

adhesive, cohesive

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27
Q

Explain why sweating cools us down

A

Heat is kinetic energy. The kinetic energy from our body heat is transfered to the water molecules in sweat. When that energy becomes enough to break the hydrogen bonds (and overcome pressure), a water molecule will enter its gaseous state - it evaporates. When the high kinetic energy molecules evaporate, the average kinetic energy remaining goes down and temperature reduces.

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28
Q

Define specific heat

A

The amount of heat required to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius

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29
Q

What do we call the amount of heat energy required to raise one gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius?

A

The specific heat

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30
Q

What is the name of the specific heat for water?

A

The calorie

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31
Q

True or false: The number of calories on food labels correspond to how many grams of water could be heated by 1 degree celsius by the energy in the food.

A

False - food labels use kilocalories, so the number given refers to how many kilograms of water could be raised by 1 degree celsius

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32
Q

Land has a _____ specific heat than water.

A

Lower

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33
Q

At a molecular level, what is temperature?

A

Average kinetic energy

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34
Q

Compared to other liquids, water has a _____ specific heat

A

High

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35
Q

What is the process by which hydronium and hydroxide are produced called?

A

Autoionisation of water

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36
Q

What is H30+ called?

A

Hydronium

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37
Q

What is HO- called?

A

Hydroxide

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38
Q

What is the molecular formula of hydronium?

A

H3O+

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39
Q

What is the molecular formula of hydroxide?

A

HO-

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40
Q

Describe autoionization of water

A

This occurs when the hydrogen proton from one water molecule forms a coordinate bond with the oxygen of another molecule, leaving behind its electron. The resulting cation has three hydrogens (one with a net positive charge as it did not bring an election with it) and is called hydronium. The molecule that loses the hydrogen proton but retains the electron now has a net negative charge and is called hydroxide.

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41
Q

What is a Bronsted Lowry acid?

A

A molecule that dissociates in a solvent to donate hydrogen ions (H+)

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42
Q

What is an Arrhenius acid?

A

A molecule that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+)

In most cases this corresponds to a substance that increases the concentration of hydronium molecules in water, as the hydrogen ions will often bond with a water molecule.

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43
Q

What do we call a molecule that dissociates in water to form hydrogen ions (H+)

A

An Arrhenius acid (and also by extension a Bronsted-Lowry acid)

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44
Q

What is a Bronsted-Lowry base?

A

An atom/molecule that can accept a hydrogen proton

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45
Q

What is an Arrhenius base?

A

A substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in aqueous solution.

46
Q

What do we call a substance that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution?

A

An Arrhenius base

47
Q

HCl(aq) → H+(aq) + Cl−(aq)

According to this equation, what kind of substance is HCl?

A

An Arrhenius acid - it increases the concentration of hydrogen protons in aqueous solution (by definition, it is also a Bronsted-Lowry acid)

48
Q

NaOH(aq)→Na+(aq)+OH−(aq)

According to this equation, what kind of substance is NaOH?

A

An Arrhenius base - it increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in aqueous solution

49
Q

What kind of bond is formed between a hydrogen proton and the oxygen of a water molecule, to make a hydronium molecule?

A

A coordinate bond

50
Q

What is a coordinate bond?

A

A covalent-style bond but in which both electrons are contributed by one atom.

51
Q

What is the difference between a Bronsted-Lowry acid and an Arrhenius acid?

A

Each is defined as increasing the concentration of H+, the only difference is in the Arrhenius definition the H+ is always donated to water, while the Bronsted-Lowry definition allows for the H+ to be donated to molecules in other solvents.

52
Q

What is the difference between a Bronsted-Lowry base and an Arrhenius base?

A

An Arrhenius base dissociates in water to increase the concentration of OH- ions. A Bronsted-Lowry base is any atom/molecule which can accept an H+

53
Q

By which definition can water act as a base?

A

Bronsted-Lowry - water can accept a hydrogen proton to become hydronium

54
Q

What does pH refer to?

A

pH conversely indicates the concentration of H+ in a substance

High pH indicates low H+ concentration (base)

Low pH indicates high H+ concentration (acid)

55
Q

What is the range of the pH scale?

A

0 - 14

56
Q

What is the acceptable pH range for human blood?

A

7.35 to 7.45

57
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A buffer is a solution that can resist pH change upon the addition of an acidic or basic components. It is able to neutralize small amounts of added acid or base, thus maintaining the pH of the solution relatively stable

58
Q

In which form is water the most dense?

A

Liquid form

59
Q

What do we call a carboxylic acid connected to a hydrocarbon chain?

A

A fatty acid

60
Q

What is a fatty acid made of?

A

A carboxylic acid attached to a hydrocarbon chain

61
Q

What do we call a phosphorus attached to 4 oxygens?

A

A phosphate group

62
Q

What is a phosphate group?

A

A phosphorus attached to four oxygens

63
Q

What is this?

A

A phosphate group

64
Q
A
65
Q

What is the most common isotope of carbon on Earth?

A

Carbon 12

66
Q

In total, how many electrons does carbon have?

A

6

67
Q

What is the chemical structure of octane?

A

-ane indicates a saturated hydrocarbon. Oct- indicates 8 carbons

68
Q

What is the general term for a hydrocarbon with no double or triple bonds?

A

An alkane

69
Q

What is an alkane?

A

Alkane is the general term for a hydrocarbon with no double or triple bonds

70
Q

What is an alkene?

A

Alkene is the general term for a hydrocarbon with at least one double bond between carbons

71
Q

What is the general term for a hydrocarbon which has at least one double bond?

A

An alkene

72
Q

What is an alkyne?

A

Alkyne is the general term for a hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond between carbons

73
Q

What is the general term for a hydrocarbon with at least one triple bond between carbons?

A

Alkyne

74
Q

What gives rise to a planar molecule?

A

A double bond

75
Q

What gives rise to a linear molecule?

A

A triple bond

76
Q

Draw cyclohexane

A
77
Q

What prefix indicates “1” in organic molecules?

A

Meth-

78
Q

What prefix indicates “2” in organic molecules?

A

eth-

79
Q

What prefix indicates “3” in organic molecules?

A

Prop-

80
Q

What prefix indicates “4” in organic molecules?

A

But-

81
Q

What prefix indicates “5” in organic molecules?

A

Pent-

82
Q

What prefix indicates “6” in organic molecules?

A

Hex-

83
Q

What prefix indicates “7” in organic molecules?

A

Hept-

84
Q

What prefix indicates “8” in organic molecules?

A

Oct-

85
Q

What prefix indicates “9” in organic molecules?

A

Non-

86
Q

What prefix indicates “10” in organic molecules?

A

Dec-

87
Q

What is an isomer?

A

A version of a molecule with the same constituent atoms but in a different configuration according to their shape, orientation, or how they are bonded

88
Q

What are two versions of a molecule with the same constituent atoms but different bonds called?

A

Structural isomers

89
Q

What are structural isomers?

A

Versions of a molecule with the same constituent atoms but different bonds

90
Q

What are stereoisomers?

A

Versions of a molecule with the same constituent atoms and bonds but which differ in shape or orientation

91
Q

What do you call two versions of a molecule with the same constituent atoms and bonds but which differ in shape or orientation?

A

Stereoisomers

92
Q

What are enantiomers?

A

Two molecules with the same atoms, bonds and shape but which are mirror images.

93
Q

What is another word for stereoisomers?

A

Spatial isomers

94
Q

What kind of isomer is this?

A

Stereoisomer: enantiomer

95
Q

What kind of isomer is this?

A

Structural isomer

96
Q

What kind of isomer is this?

A

Stereoisomer: Cis - trans or geometric isomer

97
Q

True or false: structural isomers often contain different functional groups

A

True

98
Q

What are the prefixes L/D or R/S used for?

A

To distinguish between enantiomers

99
Q

All stereoisomers can be classified as either _______ or _______

A

enantiomers or diastereomers

100
Q

What is the name of this molecule?

A

Ethanol.

Two carbons = eth-

Hydroxyl group = alcohol = -ol

101
Q

What is C6H12O6?

A

Glucose

102
Q

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

103
Q

What is another name for glucose?

A

Dextrose

104
Q

What is another name for dextrose?

A

Glucose

105
Q

What is an aldehyde group?

A

A carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydrogen

106
Q

What do we call a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen and single-bonded to a hydrogen?

A

An aldehyde group

107
Q

What are these?

A

Glucose molecules

108
Q

What is this?

A

An aldehyde group

109
Q

What is another name for dehydration synthesis?

A

Condensation reaction

110
Q

What is a general term for a single sugar molecule?

A

Monosaccharide

111
Q

What do you get when you join monosaccharides?

A

Disaccharides and polysaccharides

biology (5 decks)

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