Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > MIT Biology > Flashcards

MIT Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the valency of sulfur?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which five molecule types make up most of the human body (in order)?

A

Water, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids/fats, nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do you get if you combine a glycerol molecule with three fatty acids?

A

Triacylglycerol (triglyceride)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is this functional group? -SH

A

Sulfhydryl (aka thiol) group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which field of biological science seeks to purify and fractionate?

A

Biochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do you call an organic compound which contains a carboxyl group?

A

A carboxylic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How much of the human body is composed of carbon (by atom count)?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the technical term for fats?

A

Triglycerides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amino group - acid or basic?

A

Basic - the nitrogen has a lone pair that can accept hydrogen protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What molecule is this?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How much of the human body is composed of phosphorus (by atom count)?

A

0.2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How long ago did the first human-like creatures emerge on Earth?

A

5 million years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of bond is this?

A

Hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an unsaturated fat?

A

A triglyceride in which at least one double bond is present between carbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is a sulfhydryl group polar?

A

Yes, weakly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kind of molecule does this represent?

A

A hydrocarbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

A triglyceride in which there are no double-bonds between carbons, meaning all possible bonds with hydrogen are made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three stages of cell respiration?

A

Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, electron transport chain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Is a water molecule polar or non-polar?

A

Polar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How long was it between the emergence of life on Earth, and the emergence of the first eukaryotic cells?

A

About 2 billion years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How long ago did the Earth cool?

A

4 billion years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How are oxygen and hydrogen bonded in a water molecule?

A

Covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which type of fats do not occur in nature?

A

Trans fats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the name of the functional group -OH?

A

Hydroxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is in a phosphate group?

A

A phosphorus bonded to four oxygens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is a triglyceride with multiple double-bonds between carbons called?

A

A polyunsaturated fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What was the first form of life on Earth?

A

Prokaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the other technical name for triglycerides?

A

Triacylglycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What kind of molecule does this represent?

A

A fatty acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is this configuration of phospholipids called?

A

A micelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is an amino group?

A

-NH2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Why are most polyunsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

A

They have multiple double-bonds between carbons, meaning those bonds are rigid so they can be less densely packed. Multiple cis-configured double bonds also cause kinks in the carbon chains which make them even harder to pack densely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What kind of molecule is this?

A

Triglyceride

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Which molecule is often thought of as the currency of energy in biological systems?

A

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Which functional group is this?

A

Carboxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When a hydroxyl group is present, what kind of organic compound do we have?

A

An alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Which 6 elements account for most of the human body, in order of proportion?

A

Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is this configuration of phospholipids called?

A

A lipid bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What determines how electronegative an element is?

A

How many protons it has, and how far away they are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Define trans fats

A

These are triglycerides in which there are trans-configured double bonds in the carbon chain. They were created artificially when hydrogen was added to polyunsaturated fats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the four macromolecules in organic chemistry?

A

Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

How many hydrogen atoms are in this molecule?

A

Ten. Assume carbons are at any corner or end of line where another atom is not indicated. Assume hydrogens are bonded to any carbons not already showing four covalent bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How much of the human body is composed of sulfur (by atom count)?

A

<0.1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Describe how ionic bonding works

A

One atom “gives” one or more of its valence electrons to another. The resulting positive charge in the giver attracts to the resulting negative charge in the receiver, and they bond together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How many carbon atoms are in this molecule?

A

Eight - carbon should be assumed at end corner or at the end of any line where no other element is indicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is in a sulfhydryl group?

A

-SH

49
Q

What is the valency of nitrogen?

A

5

50
Q

What is a carbonyl group?

A

An oxygen double-bonded to a carbon

51
Q

How long ago did the first eukaryotic cells evolve on Earth?

A

1.5 billion years

52
Q

What is this?

A

Methyl group

53
Q

What is produced during fermentation?

A

Carbon dioxide and alcohol

54
Q

Which type of fat is most prone to rancidity?

A

Polyunsaturated fat

55
Q

What configuration is this isomer in?

A

Cis

56
Q

What is this?

A

Amino group

57
Q

Archaea, eukaryote and bacteria are at what level of classification?

A

Domain

58
Q

What kinds of molecules are hydrophobic?

A

Non-polar molecules

59
Q

What is the term for the metabolic process that occurs within cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate molecules and release waste products.

A

Cellular respiration

60
Q
A
61
Q

What does -ose usually indicate?

A

A sugar

62
Q

How long after creation of the Earth was the first life present?

A

800 million years

63
Q

Which functional group turns an organic compound into an alcohol?

A

Hydroxyl group

64
Q

What kind of molecules do you need to make a triacylglycerol?

A

A glycerol and three fatty acids

65
Q

How long ago was the first life present on earth?

A

3.7 billion years

66
Q

What are the domains of life?

A

Archaea, Eukaryote, Bacteria

67
Q

What is Eduard Buchner best known for?

A

Designing a way to produce fermentation without live yeast cells

68
Q

Which is polar - a hydroxyl group or a sulfhydryl group?

A

Both are polar, the hydroxyl group more strongly so

69
Q

Which are the two most electronegative types of atoms among the six which make up most of the human body?

A

Oxygen and nitrogen

70
Q

What is a methyl group?

A

-CH3

71
Q

Draw a carboxyl group

A
72
Q

What is the valency of oxygen?

A

2

73
Q

Carboxyl group - acid or basic?

A

Acid - the hydroxyl group can easily ‘donate’ an electron

74
Q

What is in a carboxyl group?

A

A carbon, double-bonded to an oxygen (carbonyl group) and single-bonded to a hydroxyl group -COOH

75
Q

What word means of a molecule having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions?

A

Amphipathic

76
Q

How much of the human body is composed of nitrogen (by atom count)?

A

1.4%

77
Q

Which molecule is this?

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

78
Q

What is the valency of carbon?

A

4

79
Q

What is the valency of hydrogen?

A

1

80
Q

What is the valency of phosphorus?

A

3

81
Q

How many carbons do most fatty acids have in animals?

A

16, 18, or 20

82
Q

Most naturally occurring unsaturated fats are in which configuration?

A

Cis

83
Q

What do we call an oxygen double-bonded to a carbon?

A

A carbonyl group

84
Q

When a phosphate group breaks from ATP, does it go into a higher or lower energy state?

A

Lower

85
Q

What is a hydroxy group?

A

-OH

86
Q

What living substance causes fermentation?

A

Yeast

87
Q

Which type of macromolecule is not a polymer?

A

Lipids

88
Q

Why is adenosine triphosphate able to store so much energy?

A

The phosphate groups in ATP are joined with high energy bonds - because each phosphate group has a negative charge, they repel each other. Bonded in the ATP molecule, they are in a high energy state, and “want” to break out of this bond to achieve a lower energy state.

89
Q

How long did it take for the Earth to cool after its creation?

A

500 million years

90
Q

What is -NH2?

A

An amino group

91
Q

What is the name of this molecule?

A

Glycerol

92
Q

How much of the human body is composed of hydrogen (by atom count)?

A

63%

93
Q

What do you call a triglyceride in which there are no double bonds between carbons?

A

A saturated fat

94
Q

What is adenosine triphosphate commonly shortened to?

A

ATP

95
Q

What configuration is this isomer in?

A

Trans

96
Q

Is a methyl group hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophobic

97
Q

By which process is a triglyceride formed?

A

Dehydration synthesis

98
Q

How long ago did multicellular life emerge on Earth?

A

500 million years ago

99
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

100
Q

What is biochemistry?

A

The study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms

101
Q

How do phospholipids form cell membranes?

A

In solution, the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails align together, between two layers of hydrophilic phosphate heads on either side, forming a phospholipid layer which forms the cell membrane.

102
Q

How are sulfur and oxygen similar and different in terms of bonding?

A

They both have a valency of 2, and are both electronegative, however sulfur is less electronegative than oxygen.

103
Q

How long ago did homo sapiens first emerge?

A

About 1 million years ago

104
Q

True or false - proteins account for about 50% of human molecular composition

A

False - water accounts for about 80% of human molecular composition. Protein accounts for about 50% of dry weight.

105
Q

Describe how hydrogen bonds work

A

Water is a polar molecule. The oxygen is more electronegative than the hydrogen. The shared electrons from each covalently bonded hydrogen atom therefore spend more time close to the oxygen atom, giving it a partial negative charge and the hydrogen atoms a partial positive charge. The positively charged hydrogen atoms are attracted to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of adjacent water molecules.

106
Q

What is another name for a sulfhydryl group?

A

Thiol

107
Q

What is -CH3?

A

A methyl group

108
Q
A
109
Q

What is cell respiration?

A

The metabolic process that occurs within cells to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate molecules and release waste products.

110
Q

Which type of fat is usual solid at room temperature?

A

Saturated fats

111
Q

How much of the human body is composed of oxygen (by atom count)?

A

24%

112
Q

By which process is energy released from ATP?

A

Hydrolysis

113
Q

What is a phosphorus bonded to four oxygens?

A

A phosphate group

114
Q

What is this?

A

A phosphate group

115
Q

Is a hydroxyl group polar?

A

Yes (-OH)

116
Q

What is a hexose?

A

A sugar with six carbons

117
Q

Define amphipathic

A

Describes a molecule which has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

118
Q

How long ago was the earth formed?

A

4.5 billion years

119
Q

What does ADP stand for?

A

Adenosine diphosphate

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions