Biology Brainscape Flashcards
Class content to date for finals prep (149 cards)
1
Q
Life can be found in the form of ____ ______ ______ and ____-______ _______.
A
Single Celled Organism and Multi-Celled Organism.
2
Q
When did we find out about the cell?
A
In 1665
3
Q
Robert Hooke: -First Light Microscope -Cork is made of _______.
A
Cells
4
Q
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: -Saw _____ _________ in pond water.
A
Living Organisms
5
Q
Matthias Schleiden: -_____ are made up of cells.
A
Plants
6
Q
Theodor Schwann: -______ are made up of cells.
A
Animals
7
Q
Rudolph Virchow: - ________ come from existing ______.
A
Cells
8
Q
Three Main Components of the Cell Theory
A
- All living things are composed of Cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3. New cells are produced from existing cells.
9
Q
Prokaryotic Cells
A
Smaller and simpler, have a cell membrane and cytoplasm, no nuclei, contain DNA within the cytoplasm, all unicellular are prokaryotes, bactria are prokarotes.
10
Q
Eukaryotic Cells
A
Vary in shape and size, have a cell membrane and cytoplasm, have nuclei and many other cell organelles, all plants, animals, fungi and many microoganisms are eukaryotes.
11
Q
Element:
A
A pure substance that can not be chemically broken down.
12
Q
Water:
A
Made up of two elements, oxygen and hydrogen. Water is a compoud. These are chemically combined Ex: Sodium Chloride (salt)= chlorine (yellow gas)+Sodium (metal)
13
Q
Oxygen:
A
Water has one atom of oxygen. Oxygen’s atomic number is 8 on the peridoic table. It has 8 electrons and 8 protons. It has an atomic mass of 15.9994
14
Q
Hydrogen:
A
Water has two atoms of hydrogen. Hydrogen’s atomic number is 1. It has 1 electron and 1 proton. It has an atomic mass of 1.00794
15
Q
Ionic Bonds
A
Occur when one element transfers an electon to another element. Ex: Sodium Chloride
16
Q
Covalent Bonds
A
Forms when two elements share electrons. Ex: Water
17
Q
Molecule:
A
Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds.
18
Q
Water- H2O
A
Covalent bonds hold the molecule together. Electrons are shared unequally. Oxygen takes most of the negative charge. Hydrogen atoms are left slightly positive.
19
Q
Polarity
A
Molecule has a positive and a negative side. Due to unequal sharing of electrons. Weak hydrogen bonds are important. Causes water to attract other molecules.
20
Q
Water is an unusual compoud.
A
Most abundant compound in all living things. Is more dense as a liquid than a solid. Moderates temperature by storing heat.
21
Q
Cohesion:
A
Attratcing between water. Surface Tension. Flow of water.
22
Q
Adhesion:
A
Attracting between water and other molecules. Water sticking to winshield. Ex: Capillary action in plants.
23
Q
Capillary Action:
A
Movement of water against the pull of gravity.
24
Q
Solution:
A
One or more dissolved chemicals.
25
Solvent:
Chemical that others dissolve in.
26
Solute:
Chemical that is dissolved.
27
Water is the best \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_!
Solvent
28
Aqueous Solutions-
Solutions of water.
29
pH Scale
Indicates the concentration of H+ ions in a solution. Range 0-14 pH 7 is the neutral. Concentration of H+ and OH- is equal. Each pH is 10x the concentration of the previous.
30
Acids
pH \< 7 Sour taste Lots of H+
31
Bases
pH \> 7 Bitter taste Lots of OH-
32
Importance of Water to Living Organisms
Universal solvent- dissolves many things. Transports materials including wastes. Regulates temperature Protects and cushions vital organs Lubricates joints and tissues.
33
Chemical Reaction:
A process that changes one set of chemicals into anotehr set of chemicals. (Can happen quickly or slowly.)
34
Reactants:
What you start with- Elements or compouds that enter in to a chemical reaction.
35
Products:
What you end with- elements or compuds that are produced from a chemical reaction.
36
Chemical Equations:
Use symbols and formulas to represent reactants and products. Arrow means "Yield" and shows the direction of the reaction. 2H(2)+O(2)\_2H(2)O
37
Reactants _______ Products
Yield
38
Photosynthesis:
6CO(2) (Carbon)+6H(2)O (Water)+Sunlight produces C(6)H(12)O(6) (Glucose)+6O(2) (Oxygen)
39
Cell Respiration:
C(6)H(12)+6O(2) produces 6CO(2)+6H(2)O+Energy
40
Activation Energy
Energy needed to start a reaction. Some reactions have a high activation energy while others have a low activation energy. Often reactions require too much energy so living tings reduce the amout of energy needed by using catalysts.
41
A catalystÉ
A catalyst speeds up a reaction by lowering the activation energy.
42
Enzymes
Proteins that act as biological catalysts. Cells use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions that take place in the cell. Are very specific because they catalyze only one reaction.
43
How do enzymes work?
Work like a lock and key. Enzymes have an active site that binds to the reactant (substrate). Once bound, the enzyme changes the reactant to some product.
44
What effects the rate of enzyme activity in the cells?
Two major factors: pH and temperature
45
Characteristics of Carbon
Most compounds found in living things have carbon. Carbon has 4 valence elctrons therefore it forms many bonds with other elements.
46
Isotopes:
Elements that have the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Ex: Carbon. (Carbon 12 (6P, 6N), Carbon 13 (6P, 7N), Carbon 14 (6P, 8N- Radioactive)
47
Structual Formula (Water)
H-\*\*O\*\*-H
48
Chemical Formula (Water)
H(2)O
49
Carbon Backbones
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&tbo=d&biw=1280&bih=604&tbm=isch&tbnid=j\_JgmY9Y2Sa4FM:&imgrefurl=http://eduframe.net/andc/biology/Sunita-Bio/carbohydrate%2520ODL.htm&docid=g\_tf-pExEi9eHM&imgurl=http://eduframe.net/andc/biology/Sunita-Bio/carbohydrates%252520%252520text\_html\_858316.png&w=564&h=422&ei=lEWyUIVbjdjIAZTjgaAI&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=981&vpy=82&dur=933&hovh=194&hovw=260&tx=188&ty=109&sig=110736032432597838548&page=1&tbnh=124&tbnw=166&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:11,s:0,i:117
50
Organic Molecules
Molecues containing two or more atoms of carbon
51
Four classes of organic (carbon based) macromolecules
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids.
52
What is a polymer?
A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller units (called monomers) bonded together.
53
Carbo=\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Hydrate= \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Carbo= Carbon Hydrate= Water
54
Carbohydrates have a molecular formula of
(CH(2)O)n
55
Carbohydrates haveÉ.
a 1:2:1 Ratio. Ex: Glucose (C(6)H(12)O(6)) and starch
56
Carbohydrates Function
Store chemical energy for cellular use and structual support for cells. Ex: Cellulose cell walls in plants.
57
Monosaccharide
Monoer of 3 to 7 carbons (1 sugar) Ex: Glucose and Frutose
58
Disaccharide
Two mono's linked together (2 sugars) Ex: Sucrose and Lactose
59
Polysaccharide
Many mono's linked together (many sugars) Ex: Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen
60
Lipids
(Have hydrophobia) Common names: Fats, Oils, Waxes and Steroids (Cholesterol)
61
Lipid Functions
Energy storage (long term), membrane structure, waterproofing, insulation and shock absorbing.
62
Lipids are made of two parts.
Glycerol + 3 Fatty acids
63
Saturated Fats
Have only single C-C bonds, solid at room temp, most animal fats
64
Unsaturated Fats
Double bonds between carbons allows for "kinks" in the tails, liquid at room temp, most plant fats.
65
Proteins
Polynomer of amino acids. Elements are carbon, hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen. Amino acids form chains that are called polypeptides.
66
Amino Acid Structure: Four Parts
1. Hydrogen 2. Amino Group (NH3) 3. Carboxy 1 Group (COOH) 4. Variable R Group (Specific to each amino acid. The difference in amino acid structure.)
67
How many common amino acids are there?
20
68
Protein Functions
1. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions. 2. Structural: Ex: Keratin (The protein in hair and nails), collagen (the protein found in connective tissue) 3. Membran transport 4. Cell Builders 5. Immune System
69
Denaturation
Proteins that are functional are twisted and folded into a unique shape. Denaturation happens when the protein is unfolded and the shape becomes distorted. (pH and heat can cause this.)
70
Dehydration Reaction
When polynomers are put together water is lost
71
Hydrolysis Reaction
When polymers are pulled apart water is used.
72
True or False: The colder the temperature, the more efficently the catalyst works.
TRUE
73
Biome
A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar communitues. Ex: Rain forest and a desert
74
Ecosystem
A collection of all organisms living in a particular place together with their non-living environment
75
Community
Populations of different species living in a defined area at the same time
76
Population
Group of individuals of the same specieis living in the same area at time.
77
Biosphere
The portion where all life is found. Entends 8 Kilometers abover the Earthto 11 kilometers below the surface of the ocean. Provides a web of inderpendence between organisms and their environment. Highest level of organiztaion that ecologsts study.
78
How do these fit together?
Species \_Poplualtions\_ Community _ Ecosystem \_Biome \_Biosphere
79
What is ecology?
Ecology is the study of relationships among organisms and their environment.
80
What would an ecologist do?
Ecologists would study how different species interact or affect each other.
81
Autotroph
A producer is a plant or organism that uses energy from the sunlight or other chemicals to produce food.
82
Heterotroph
Four Levels: 1. Herbivore (Eats plants) 2. Carnivore (Eat meat) 3. Omnivore (Eats plants and meat) 4. Detritivore (Eats dead plants and animals)
83
What is chemosynthesis?
The chemical energies used to form carbohydrates. It happens when there is no sunlight.
84
What is a trophic level?
A step in the food chain. Ex: Primary consumer or producer.
85
Biomass Pyramid
Total amount of living tissue in a trophic level is called biomass. A biomass pyramid represents the amount of potential food avalible at each trophic level.
86
Numbers Pyramid
Displays the number of individual organisms at each level.
87
Energy Pyramid
The only part of the energy stored at one trophic level is passed on to the next level. Only about 10% of the energy avalible at one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next level. The rest of the energy is lost to the environment.
88
Abiotic Factor
A nonliving factor that shapes ecosystems. Ex: Climate
89
Biotic Factor
A living factor that shapes ecosystems. Ex: Animals
90
Commensalism
When one organism benefits from a relationship and the other is not harmed nor helped.
91
Mutualism
When both organisms benefit from each other
92
Parasitism
When one organsim is harmed and one is helped in a realtionship
93
Habitat
Where an organism lives
94
Niche
Organism's role in the environment
95
What is the competitive exclusion principle?
No two species can share the same niche in the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
96
What's the difference between a population's range and it's density?
The range is the total amout of area that it covers, whereas the density is the total numbers of the population in the range.
97
What is ecological succession?
A series of predictable changes that occur in a community over a lot of time.
98
What is a pioneer species?
The first species to populate in an area. Ex: Moss, Lichens, Grasses
99
What is a climax community?
The mature community at the end of an ecological succession. Ex: Swamp
100
What is primary succession?
The gradual growth of an ecosystem in an area lacking soil. Ex: Island of Certsi
101
What is secondary succession?
Occurs when a disturbance changes a community without changing the soil. Ex: Clearing land for farming
102
Emigration
The movement of individuals out of an area.
103
Immigration
The movement of individuals in an area.
104
What is exponential growth curve?
When individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate. Occurs when there is plenty of food, space and is protected from predators.
105
What is a logisitic growth curve?
When the population growth slows or stops because the lack of resources.
106
What is a limiting factor?
Something that causes population to decrease.
107
What is the point called where an ecosystem hits its maximum number of organisms?
Carrying capacity
108
Three examples of density dependent limiting factors.
Competition, predation, parasitism.
109
Three examples of density independent limiting factors.
Unusual weather, natural disasters, and seasonal cycles
110
What is biodiversity?
The sum total of the genetically based variety of all organsims.
111
What are three threats to biodiversity?
Altering habitats, hunting species to extinction, and introducing toxic substances.
112
Why is biodiversity so important?
It's one of Earth's greatest resources.
113
What is biological magnification?
Increasing concentration of harmful substance in organisms at higher trophic levels.
114
What is an invasive species?
A foreign species that reproduces rapidly and takes over new habitats. Ex: Asian Carp
115
What is a hot spot?
A place with a large concentration of biodiversity and holds many unique organisms on our planet.
116
What are three ways that humans are attempting to conserve biodiversity on our planet?
1. Zoos have created captive breeding programs to raise young then release them in the wild. 2. National parks are protected areas. 3.Marine sanctuaries protect coral reef and other ocean life.
117
What are some factors that have allowed human population growth to expand so rapidly over the last 150 years?
Improved santitaion, health care, nutrition and agriculutural practices.
118
Evaporation
Water transforms from liquid to gas.
119
Transpiration
Process by which plants pull water from the ground, through the plant and release it into the sky.
120
Condensation
Gas to liquid
121
Precipitation
Water from the clouds falls to the ground.
122
Water Cycle
http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&sa=N&tbo=d&biw=1280&bih=604&tbm=isch&tbnid=OmOr21t4wFsLmM:&imgrefurl=https://inspiration2learn.wikispaces.com/The%2BWater%2BCycle&docid=ItWhfkSmgstExM&imgurl=https://inspiration2learn.wikispaces.com/file/view/water\_cycle.gif/167298697/500x322/water\_cycle.gif&w=500&h=311&ei=umSyUImFOJHyyAHt-oCACw&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=291&sig=110736032432597838548&page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=222&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:13,s:0,i:192&tx=86&ty=94
123
What is the central core of the oxygen/carbon dioxide cycle? What are the two major processes involved?
Central core is plants. The two major processes are photosynthesis and respiration.
124
What are three additional factors that affect the oxygen/carbon dioxide cycle?
Burning of fossil fuels, burning of wood, and decomposers.
125
What is nitrogen fixation? Where does it occur? What is atmospheric nitrogen converted into in this process?
Nitrogen fixation is the converted atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, which can be used to make organic compounds like amino acids. It occurs inside plant roots (nodules).
126
What is nitrification? What is ammonium converted into in this process? What organisms can tae in nitrates that can supply nitrogen to the rest of the food chain?
Nitrification is the second step of the process converting nitrogen to a form usable for producers. Ammonium is converted into nitrates. Nitifying bacteria can take in nitrates and supply others in the food chain.
127
What are the three goals of science?
1. To investigate and understand nature. 2. To explain events in nature 3. To use those explanations to make useful predictions
128
Difference between observation and inference?
Obervation- Something you find out using the five senses. Inference- A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience.
129
How is science different from other human endeavors?
It deals only with the natural world, scientists collect and organize info in a careful, orderly way, looking for patterns and connections between events and scientists propose explanations that can be tested by examining evidence.
130
What are the ten themes of biology?
1. Life is made up of systems (Mechanical living, ecological), 2. Life is based on cells (Cells \_Tissues \_Organs), 3. Forms of organisms fit their function (Birds and flight- aerodynamics), 4. Living things reproduce and pass on traits (appearances), 5. Living things interact with their environment (Venus fly trap), 6. Living things use energy to do work (Producers create their own food), 7. Regulation of human environment (Homeostasis, internal temperature), 8. Organisms adapt and evolve (Adaption- An inherited trait that helps an organism to survive), 9. Biology has extreme impacts on society (Vaccines for diseases), 10. Biology is based on scientific inquiry (A woman can recall something from years ago.)
131
Independent Variable
The variable that stands alone and doesn't change.
132
Dependent Variable
Variable that depends on other factors and hanges according to these factors.
133
Control
Experiment/observation made to minimize the effects of variables other than the single independent variable.
134
Constants
Variables in the experiment that stay the same in every trial
135
Describe Francisco Redi's experiment
Redi wanted to test if spontaneous life was possible. He had two jars full of meat. One jar had a lid and the other did not. After waiting over a period of time, Redi found maggots on the open jar of meat and none on the closed jar. (IV: Open/Closed Jar, DV: Maggots, Con: Open Jar, Constants: Type of meat, size/type of jar, amount of meat)
136
What did Needham, Spallanzani and Pasteur do to test Redi's experiment?
Needham: Boiled broth in two canteens, to see what happened. He did not boil it long enough though and so microorganisms did appear. Spallanzani: Boiled gravy long enough and did not find microorganisms. Pasteur:Had two broth bowls with long tubes with airholes in them. He boiled them so there wouldn't be microorganisms. The first flask had no microorganisms. The second flask, he had cut the tube, and found microorganisms.
137
When would you use a circle graph (pie chart)?
When comparing perchentages to a whole.
138
When would you use a line graph?
To show the trend/changes in data over time.
139
When would you use a bar graph?
When comparing quantities.
140
What must be included on a good data table?
Title, Variables (Ind. (right) and Dep. (left)), label the columns
141
What must be included on a good graph?
Title, Axis (X-Ind, Y-Dep), include units, correct intervals, accurately plot data on graph, and a key.
142
What are the eight characteristics of life?
1. Reproduce, 2. Made of cells, 3. Repsond to my environmnet, 4. Be baesed on a universal genetic code, 5. Evolve or change over time, 6. Grow and develop, 7. Use energy and resources, 8.Maintain internal balance.
143
What is biology?
The study of life.
144
What are the 21 fields of biology?
1. Ethology- Animal Behavior, 2. Anatomy- Structure, 3. Physiology- Function, 4. Herpitology- Reptiles, 5. Entomology- Insects, 6. Botany- Plants, 7. Cytology- Cells, 8. Histology- Tissues, 9. Genetics- Genes, 10. Palentology- Fossils, 11. Forensics- Scientific evidence to solve crimes, 12. Zoology- Animals, 13. Cardiology-Heart, 14. Neurology- Brain, 15. Dermatology- Skin, 16. Virology- Viruses, 17. Taxonomy- Classification, 18. Opthamology- Eyes, 19. Oncology- Cancer, 20. Ornithology- Birds, 21. Biotechnology- Altering living things for the economics.
145
What are the two types of data?
Quanitative- Numbers and Metric, Qualitative- Descriptive and visual
146
Make Sure to know how to do conversions!
By multiples of 10!
147
What are the three parts to writing a limitation?
1. Record factors affecting data accuracy (errors), 2. Changes needed to be made it experiment is repeated, 3. Include related experiments
148
What are the five types of data you would look for in a good analysis of data that would go into a conclusion?
Mean, mode, range, increase/decrease, perchentages
149
What are the four steps in writing a conclusion?
1. Restate the hypothesis, 2. State if the hypothesis is supported or rejected, 3. Analysis and support of your conclusion, 4. State what you've learned.
