Cell Test Review

Question 1

What did Hooke contribute to the discovery of the cell?

Answer 1

Hooke used the first light microscope and proved cork was made of cells.

Question 2

What did von Leewenhook contribute to the discovery of the cell?

Answer 2

Von Leewenhook discovered living organisms in pond water.

Question 3

What did Schleiden contribute to the discovery of the cell?

Answer 3

Schleiden discovered that plants are made of cells.

Question 4

What did Schwann contribute to the discovery of the cell?

Answer 4

Schwann discovered that animals are made of cells.

Question 5

What did Virchow contribute to the discovery of the cell?

Answer 5

Virchow proved that cells come from other existing cells.

Question 6

What are some differences between prokaryote and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 6

Prokaryote are smaller, simpler, have a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. They have no nuclei and contain DNA in the cytoplasm. All unicellular organisms are prokaryote, as are bacteria. Eukaryotic vary in shape and size, have a cell membrane, and cytoplasm. They have nuclei and organelles. All plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms are eukaryotes.

Question 7

What are the parts of a plant cell that are not found in animal cells?

Answer 7

Plant cells have cell walls and chloroplasts.

Question 8

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 8

The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell, creates a barrier, and supports cell structure.

Question 9

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 9

The cell wall provides support and protection for the cell; helps maintain the shape.

Question 10

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 10

The nucleus controls all cell processes, and stores heredity information or DNA.

Question 11

What is the function of the nuclear membrane?

Answer 11

The nuclear membrane regulates the materials that can move in and out of the nucleus, releases RNA and other information carrying molecules to the rest of the cell. It is also called the nuclear envelope.

Question 12

What is the function of the chromosome?

Answer 12

The Chromosome controls DNA that controls cell activities and photosynthesis.

Question 13

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 13

The cytoplasm establishes living conditions to supply and transport materials for cell activities.

Question 14

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Answer 14

The ribosomes produce proteins following coded instructions that come from the nucleus.

Question 15

What is the function of the Golgi body?

Answer 15

The Golgi apparatus accepts proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum and contains enzymes that attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. They “package proteins” that are sent to final destinations.

Question 16

What is the function of the vacuole?

Answer 16

The plant and multiple vacuoles store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. In plants, aids in support by building pressure.

Question 17

What is the function of the chloroplast?

Answer 17

The chloroplast is used as energy from sunlight to make energy-rich food molecules (glucose). The name of this process is photosynthesis.

Question 18

What is the function of the cilia?

Answer 18

The cilia propels individual cells through the environment. It is numerous,short-hair like projections.

Question 19

What is the function of the flagella?

Answer 19

The flagella propels individual cells through the environment. It is long and whip-like.

Question 20

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 20

The rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes and modifies proteins for secretion.

Question 21

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 21

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes. It contains enzymes that make lipids.

Question 22

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 22

The cytoskeleton helps maintain shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement.

Question 23

What is the function of the lysosome?

Answer 23

The lysosome break down lipids, carbohydrates, and protein from food into particles that can be used by the rest of the cell. Also, it is a “cell cleaner” to break down old organelles and dead pathogens.

Question 24

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 24

The nucleolus begins the assembly of ribosomes.

Question 25

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 25

The mitochondria are organelles that release energy in the form of ATP (energy) from stored food molecules (glucose). The name of this process is cellular respiration. Mitochondria contain some of their own genetic information (DNA) that is essential to the function of a mitochondrium.

Question 26

What is the difference between a vacuole in a plant and those found in protists and animals?

Answer 26

The difference in the vacuoles is that there is only one vacuole in each plant cell and it is huge. In protists and animals, there are lots of small vacuoles in each cell. 

Question 27

What are the two types of cytoskeletons? How are they different?

Answer 27

The two types of cytoskeletons are: microtubes and microfilaments.

Question 28

What are two parts of the cell that have their own segments of DNA?

Answer 28

The two parts of the cell that have their own DNA are the mitochondria and the nucleus.

Question 29

What is photosynthesis?

Answer 29

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and other producers convert the energy of sunlight into the energy stored in organic molecules (sugars).

Question 30

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Answer 30

6CO(2) + 6H(2)O --> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) is the formula for photosynthesis

Question 31

What is the pigment called that absorbs light energy into the chloroplast?

Answer 31

The pigment that absorbs light energy into the chloroplast is green.

Question 32

What happens during the light reaction of photosynthesis? What is produced? What is the by product that is given off?

Answer 32

Light energy is converted to chemical energy stored in the two molecules NADPH and ATP during the light reaction of photosynthesis. Oxygen is the by product.

Question 33

What happens during the Calvin Cycle of photosynthesis? What is produced?

Answer 33

(Light independent RX): Make sugar from CO(2) and H+ and high energy electrons carried by NADPH. They produce glucose.

Question 34

What is stored in ATP?

Answer 34

ATP stores energy.

Question 35

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 35

Cellular respiration is the chemical process that uses oxygen to convert the chemical energy of organic molecules into ATP (energy).

Question 36

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

Answer 36

2 ATP + C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6 O(2) --> 6 CO(2) + 6 H(2)O + ATP(38) is the formula for cellular respiration.

Question 37

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 37

The three stages of cellular respiration are: (1) glycolysis (takes place in cytoplasm, break-down of glucose, yields 2 pyruvic acids and 2 HADH and 4 ATP); (2) Krebs cycle (transfers electrons to power the electron-transport-chain; happens in mitochondria; carbon dioxide is lost in this process); (3) electron transport (occurs in the inner membranes of the mitochondria; uses moving electrons from the Krebs to create ATP; ADP is converted to ATP; can generate up to 34 ATPs per glucose molecule)

Question 38

Where does each stage in cellular respiration occur?

Answer 38

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle takes place in the mitochondria. And the electron transport takes place in the inner membranes of the mitochondria.

Question 39

How many ATP are produced at each stage?

Answer 39

Two in Glycolysis and two in Krebs. 34 are produced in electron transport.

Question 40

What is the only step of the respiration process used in anaerobic respiration? How many ATP are produced in this process?

Answer 40

Glycolysis is the only stage that also occurs in anaerobic respiration. Two ATP are produced.

Question 41

What is the by-product of anaerobic respiration in humans? Fungi and bacteria?

Answer 41

The by-product of anaerobic respiration in humans is lactic acid. The by-product of anaerobic respiration in fungi and bacteria is also alcohol.

Question 42

Why is the cell membrane referred to as a fluid mosaic?

Answer 42

The cell membrane is called a fluid mosaic because it's a bunch of pieces all put together and flow fluidly.

Question 43

Why is the cell membrane called selectively permeable? What are the two major ways that molecules can cross the membrane?

Answer 43

Cell membrane is selectively permeable because it only lets some things in and leaves other things out. The two major ways that molecules can cross the membrane are diffusion and facilitated diffusion.

Question 44

What is passive transport? When considering concentration of solutions, in which direction will materials move during passive transport?

Answer 44

Passive transport is where cells use no energy; molecules move randomly. The molecules spread out from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 45

What does the concentration of a solution mean?

Answer 45

Concentration of a solution means the mass of solute given a volume of solvent.

Question 46

If a solution has 93% water and 7% salt, what is the concentration of the salt solution?

Answer 46

The concentration of the salt solution is 7% where the solution has 93% water and 7% salt.

Question 47

What is diffusion? Osmosis?

Answer 47

Diffusion is the random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration; it continues until all molecules are evenly spaced out (equilibrium is reached). Note: molecules will still move around but stay spread out. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. Water moves from high concentration to low concentration. Water is so small and there is so much of it that the cell can't control its movement through the cell membrane.

Question 48

What is the state of the cell when there is no longer any net movement of molecules?

Answer 48

The state of the cell when there is no longer any net movement of molecules is called isotonic solution.

Question 49

If a solution is 95% water and 5% sugar on the outside, and 97% water and 3% sugar on the inside, which way will each molecules move? What name would we give for each of these movements?

Answer 49

If the sugar is 5% on outside and 3% on inside, then its molecule will move in. And if there's 97% water inside and 95% water outside, then the water will move out. The sugar's movement would be called hypotonic solution. And the water's movement would be called hypertonic solution.

Question 50

What is the definition of hypertonic? How does water move in this scenario?

Answer 50

Hypertonic solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell. Water moves across the membrane out of the cell.

Question 51

What is the definition of hypotonic? How does water move in this scenario?

Answer 51

Hypotonic solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell. Water moves across the membrane into the cell.

Question 52

What is the definition of isotonic? How does water move in this scenario?

Answer 52

The concentration of solutes in the solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cell in an isotonic solution. There is no net movement of water across the membrane.

Question 53

What happens to a cell when water leaves the cell? How about when it enters the cell?

Answer 53

The cell shrinks when water leaves it. It swells when water enters it.

Question 54

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 54

Osmotic pressure is the force that drives the water into or out of cells. Bacteria and plants have cell walls that prevent them from over expanding. In plants, the pressure exerted on the cell wall is called turgor pressure.

Question 55

What is facilitated diffusion? What are two reasons why a molecule could not cross the lipid bilayer without using proteins?

Answer 55

Facilitated diffusion is when carrier proteins allow the diffusion of molecules across the membrane if they are unable to cross via the lipid bilayer. Two reasons why a molecule cannot cross the lipid bilayer are: (1) if it's too big; or (2) lipid tails are non-polar and sometimes the water goes through the protein channels.

Question 56

What is active transport? When considering concentration of solutions, in which direction will materials move during active transport?

Answer 56

Active transport is the movement across cell membrane that requires energy. This is the movement of materials against the concentration gradient that is from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration.

Question 57

What does  a protein pump do?

Answer 57

A protein pump transports proteins (requires energy) to move ions against the force of diffusion. Example: sodium/potassium pumps are important in nerve responses. The protein changes shapes to move molecules.

Question 58

What is endocytosis? Exocytosis?

Answer 58

Endocytosis is taking bulky material into a cell. Cell membrane enfolds the food particle. Exocytosis forces material out of the cell in bulk. Membrane surrounding the material fuses with the cell membrane. The cell changes shape (this requires energy). Examples: hormones or wastes released from the cell.