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Btec Applied science > Biology Cell structure and function > Flashcards

Biology Cell structure and function Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the similarities of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells ?

A

They contain organelles.
The cell surfaced membrane in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is made of a phospholipid bilayer.

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2
Q

What is the bilayer in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells ?

A

It is responsible for controlling the passage of substances across exchange surfaces.

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3
Q

What are differences of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells ?

A

Prokaryotic cells make up single celled prokaryotic organisms such as bacteria . In contrast Eukaryotic cells make up complex eukaryotic organisms like plants, animals , fungi and algae.
Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells.
Binary fusion occurs in prokaryotic cells and mitosis or meiosis in eukaryotic cells.

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4
Q

What is the size of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells ?

A

Eukaryotic cells = 10 - 100 um
Prokaryotic cells = 0.1 - 5.0 um

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4
Q

What organelles do Animal cells have ?

A

Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Golgi
Lysomes
Nucleus

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5
Q

What are the types of Eukaryotic cell ?

A

Animal cell
Plant cell
Algal cell
Fungal cells

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6
Q

What are animal cells enclosed by ?

A

Animal cells are enclosed by cell membrane

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7
Q

What organelles do Plant cells have ?

A

Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Golgi
Lysomes
Nucleus
Vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell Wall

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8
Q

What do Algal cell and Plant cells have ?

A

They have an identical set of organelles

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9
Q

What is Fungal cells similar to and how ?

A

They are similar to plant cells
There are no chloroplasts in fungal cells

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10
Q

What is the cell wall of a fungal cell made of and plant cells ?

A

The cell walls of fungal cells are made from chitin instead of cellulose.

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11
Q

What are the two most fundamental groups of cells ?

A

Eukaryotic cells and Prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

What four features do all cells contain?

A

Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes

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13
Q

What are the common features of prokaryotes ? ( 4 marks)

A

Cytoplasm that lacks membrane bound organelles
No nucleus
Circular DNA molecules called plasmids
A polysaccharide capsule surrounding the cell
One or more flagella

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14
Q

What is the name given to the rings of DNA found in prokaryotes?

A

Plasmids

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15
Q

What is the structure of the plasma membrane in the Eukaryotic cell ?

A

It is made from a phospholipid bilayer.
Plasma membranes have proteins and cholesterol embedded in them

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16
Q

What is a Phospholipid ?

A

It is a lipid molecule with glycerol , two fatty acid chains and a phosphate containing group

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17
Q

What is the function of the plasma membrane in the eukaryotic cell ?

A

It controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, water and oxygen into and out of the cell.
Waste products such as carbon dioxide and Ammonia leave the cell by passing through the plasma membrane

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18
Q

What is the structure of the cytoplasm in the eukaryotic cell ?

A

Cytoplasm is made up of organelles suspended in the gel like cytosol. 70 percent of the cytoplasm is made up of water. The cytoplasm also contains proteins , sugars , ions and fatty acids

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19
Q

What are the functions of the cytoplasm in the eukaryotic cell ?

A

Many Metabolic reactions take place in the cytoplasm.
Different organelles perform specific functions within the cytoplasm

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20
Q

What type of molecule are cell-surface membranes made up of?

A

Phospholipid

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21
Q

What are the components of the Phospholipid ? ( 3 things)

A

A Lipid molecule
two fatty acid chains
A phosphate containing group

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22
Q

What is the structure of the nuclear envelope ?

A

It is a double membrane structure that has a number of pores. Both the inner and outer membranes are phospholipid bilayers

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23
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope ?

A

The pores in the nuclear envelope control the passage of ions , molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

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24
What is the structure of the nucleus ?
It contains Linear chromosomes that are made up of DNA. It is a double helix.
25
What is the function of the nucleus ?
The nucleus controls the actions of the cell. DNA in the nucleus contains instructions for the synthesis of proteins. Ribosomes RNA is joined together with associated proteins in the nucleolus to assemble the ribosomal subunits.
26
What is found in the nucleoplasm?
Chromatin and the nucleolus
27
What is the structure of the mitochondria ?
Mitochondria are oval shaped , double membrane organelles that have their own ribsomes and DNA. The inner layer of membrane has folds called cristae. The area surrounded by the folds is called the mitochondrial matrix. Iy contains enzymes used for respiration.
28
What is the function of mitochondria ?
Mitochondria makes ATP through aerobic respiration. Muscle cells have a very high concentration of mitochondria because they are highly active and need a lot of energy to keep the body moving.
29
What is the structure of chloroplasts ?
Chloroplasts are double-membrane organelles found in plant cells and algae, containing thylakoids stacked in grana and a fluid-filled stroma, essential for photosynthesis.
30
What is the function of chloroplasts ?
Photosynthesis is the series of reactions that use carbon dioxide , water and light energy to make glucose and oxygen. It allows plants to make their own food
31
What are the features of mitochondria ?
Oval shaped Double membrane organelles Have their own ribsomes and DNA
32
What is the structure of the Golgi apparatus ?
It is a series of flattened membrane sacs.
33
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus ?
Transport vesicles form at the Endoplasmic reticulum and fuse with the Golgi Apparatus. The transport vesicles empty proteins, lipids into the lumen of the Golgi Apparatus. The Proteins and Lipids are packaged and tagged so that they can be sent to the right place.
34
What is the structure of Golgi vesicles ?
They are membrane bound , fluid filled vesicles located in the cytoplasm. They are small , round and are seen in a high density near the edges of the sacs.
35
Name a type of Golgi vesicles ?
Lysomes
36
What is the function of Golgi vesicles ?
Golgi vesicles store and transport modified proteins and liquids form the Golgi apparatus to target cells.
37
What do Lysosomes do in the Golgi Apparatus ?
They aid the breakdown of proteins, polysaccharides , lipids, nucleic acids and old organelles.
38
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus ?
Packaging and tagging proteins and lipids
39
What is the structure of the Endoplasmic Reticulum ?
It is a series of interconnected membranes sacs and tubules. The membranes is a phospholid bilayer embedded with proteins. The Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has no membrane but the rough endoplasmic reticulum has many ribsomes on its surface.
39
What is the function of ribsomes ?
They are in charge of protein synthesis. Protein synthesis is an essential function of all cells. Ribsomes are found in partially every cell.
39
What is the structure of Ribsomes ?
a ribosome is a complex of RNA and protein. It is made up of two subunits, a large and a small subunit, which come together around an mRNA molecule when translation takes place. The smaller subunit is where the mRNA binds and is decoded, and in the larger subunit, the amino acids get added. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and translates that genetic code into a specified string of amino acids, which grow into long chains that fold to form proteins.
40
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum ?
It is responsbile for processing and folding proteins
41
What is the function of the smooth Endoplasmic reticulum ?
It is responsible for making and processing lipids.
42
What is the structure of cell walls in plants ?
The cell wall is a rigid outer layer that surrounds the cell membrane in certain organisms, including plants, fungi, and bacteria. It is primarily composed of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, and peptidoglycan in bacteria. The cell wall typically consists of two layers: the primary cell wall, which is flexible and allows for cell growth, and the secondary cell wall, which is thicker and provides additional support and protection. The cell wall plays a crucial role in maintaining cell shape, protecting against mechanical stress, and regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
43
What is the function of cell walls ?
It provides structural support and gives shape to the cell.
44
What is Plasmodesmata ?
It is thin cytoplasmic connections that run through the cell wall of plant cells.
45
What do the Plasmodesmata do ?
They link neighboring plant cells through the cell wall to allow communication.
46
What are Pits ?
Pits are dips in the cell wall that allow the passage of water and ions between neighboring cells.
47
What is the structure of cell vacuoles ?
A vacuole is a membrane-bound structure found in the cytoplasmic matrix of a cell. The membrane surrounding the vacuole is known as tonoplast. The membranes are composed of phospholipids, and embedded in the membranes are proteins, which can function to transport molecules across the membrane or give it structure
48
What is the function of cell vacuoles ?
It allows the cell to remain rigid. When the central vacuole holds more water , the vacuole pushes against the cell wall and pressure is maintained. This stops the plant from wilting.
49
Where is the cell wall located ?
External to the plasma membrane
50
Which organelle stores starch ?
Amyloplast
51
What is the structure of centrioles ?
They have a cylindrical shape. They are made up of parallel micro tubules that surround a central cavity. Centrioles are found as pairs that are arranged at right angles to one another. They are only found in isolation when in the basal regions of flagella and cilia.
52
What is the function of centrioles ?
Centrioles play a crucial role in organizing microtubules, facilitating cell division, and forming cilia and flagella, which are essential for cellular movement and organization.
53
What is the fluid mosaic model and what does it describe ?
The fluid mosaic model is a scientific concept that describes the structure of the plasma membrane of cells. Proposed by S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson in 1972, it depicts the membrane as a dynamic and flexible structure composed of a mosaic of various components, including phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates. These components create a fluid environment that allows for the movement and interaction of membrane proteins within the lipid bilayer, contributing to the membrane's functionality.
54
What is the function of the plasma membrane ?
The plasma membrane serves several key functions: It acts as a protective barrier that separates the cell's interior from the external environment. 1 The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, allowing only certain molecules to enter and exit the cell, thus maintaining homeostasis.
55
What is the name of the model that describes the structure of plasma membranes?
Fluid mosaic model
56
What is Magnification ?
It is the process of enlarging an object in appearance
57
What does image size mean ?
It is how big the object appears to be in a picture or drawing which will be in millimetres
58
What does actual size mean ?
The actual size is often given in micrometres
59
How do you calculate magnification ?
Magnification = Size of image / Size of real object
60
What is resolution ?
Resolution is the ability of a microscope to distinguish 2 adjacent structures as separate.
61
What happens if the resolution is higher on a microscope ?
The higher the resolution, the better the clarity and detail of the image
62
Which cell type is between 0.1 and 50 micrometres in diameter ?
Prokaryotes
63
Which cell type can form multicellular organisms ?
Eukaryotes
64
Which organelle do fungal cells lack ?
Chloroplasts
65
What is the plant cell wall made of ?
Cellulose

Btec Applied science (5 decks)

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