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Btec Applied science > Chemistry Structure and Bonding > Flashcards

Chemistry Structure and Bonding Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

What does an Atom Have ?

A

It has a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by orbiting negatively charged electrons

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2
Q

What do we call a small negatively charged particle that orbits an atoms nucleus ?

A

Electron

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3
Q

What is the structure of an atom ?

A
  • Atoms are very small and have a radius of about 1x10-10 metres
  • The electrons are arranged at different distances from the nucleus (different energy levels).
    The radius of a nucleus is less than 1/10 000 of the radius of an atom.
    Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus.
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4
Q

What is the overall charge of the nucleus of an atom ?

A

Postive

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5
Q

What is the relative charge of a proton , electron , neutron ?

A

Proton = +1
Neutron = 0
Electron = -1

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6
Q

Where is most of the mass of an atom found ?

A

the nucleus

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7
Q

What is the charge of the atoms nucleus ?

A

Postive

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8
Q

What are the 3 subatomic particles in an atom ?

A
  1. Proton
  2. Electron
  3. Neutron
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9
Q

What are electron shells made up of ?

A

sub shells

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10
Q

What is the order of the electronic structure from largest to smallest ?

A
  1. Electron shells
  2. Sub-shells
  3. Orbitals
  4. Electrons
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11
Q

What is the name of orbitals that have the same energy ?

A

Degenerate

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12
Q

What is Ionic bonding ?

A

Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charges

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13
Q

What are some properties of ionic bonding ?

A

Vey strong
Much stronger than any type of intermolecular force but are weaker than covalent bonds

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14
Q

What is the formula for the hydroxide ion ?

A

OH-

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15
Q

What is the formula of the nitrate ion ?

A

NO3-

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16
Q

What is the formula for the sulphate ion ?

A

SO4 2-

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17
Q

What kind of attraction exists in Ionic bonding ?

A

Electrostatic Attraction

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18
Q

How is sodium fluoride formed ?

A

The sodium atom transfers its outer electron to the fluorine atom Creating Na+ and F - ions. Both of these ions have full outer shells

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19
Q

How is Calcium oxide formed ?

A

The calcium atom transfers its 2 outer electrons to the oxygen atom creating Ca2+ and O2- ions which both have full outer shells.

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20
Q

What type of forces hold ionic lattices together ?

A

Electrostatic forces

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21
Q

What are Ionic lattices ?

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A

Ionic lattices are giant structures formed by ionic compounds

22
Q

What is a covalent bond ?

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A

A bond that contains a shared pair of electrons

23
Q

What is another name for a dative bond ?

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A

Coordinate bond

24
Q

How many electrons does oxygen need to get a full outer shell ?

25
Why are Metals good electrical conductors ?
Free electrons act as charge carriers.
26
What is the strongest type of intermolecular force ?
Hydrogen bonds
27
What are the features of induced dipoles ?
A molecule has a temporary dipole. Its partial charges exert a force on nearby molecules. The partial charge on one molecule can push electrons away in another molecule. This induces a dipole on the other molecule. The two temporary dipoles then attract each other
28
How many Oxygen, Nitrogen or fluorine atoms are required in a hydrogen bond ?
2
29
What is an Amu ?
A unit of mass equal to one twelfth the mass of a carbon 12 atom
30
What are the properties of the relative Molecular mass ?
It is measured in Amu It is the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms It takes into account the natural abundance of different isotopes.
31
What is a mole ?
It is simply a massive number of particles. A mole of things contains 6.02 x10 23 things.
32
What are the units of concentration ?
Moldm-3
33
What is the value of Avogadro's constant ?
6.02 x 10 23
34
How do we calculate the number of moles of a gas at room temperature and pressure
Volume of the gas (dm3) /24
35
What is the empirical formula ?
It is the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms in a molecule
36
What is the molecular formula ?
It is the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
37
What is the molecular formula for ethene ?
C2H6
38
What is the empirical formula for ethane ?
CH3
39
What are the key features of balanced equations ?
They must have an equal number of atoms on either side. You add more atoms by adding reactants or products to either side.
40
Why is balancing equations useful ?
It can be used to calculate masses of reactants and volume of gases
41
What are state symbols ?
State symbols are letters that tell us what state of matter a substance is in.
42
What are the 4 different state symbols and what do they means ?
(s) = solids (l) = pure liquids (aq) = aqueous solutions (g) = gases
43
Why are state symbols useful ?
They are useful to chemists because the state a reactant is produced in can affect experimental techniques.
44
Why is the percentage yield not always 100 percent ( 5 reasons ) and explain ?
Extraction - It might be difficult to fully separate the product from the reaction mixture. Hydrogen - Any extracted products may be wet if a reaction is carried out in water. Waste - Some of the chemicals will remain stuck to the glassware and will be wasted. Incomplete reactions - The reaction is very slow and has not been given enough time to happen. The reaction is reversible and some of the products have turned back into reactants. Side reactions - Unexpected reactions can happen. This means the intended product is not created.
45
What is the real yield ?
It is the mass of the desired product obtained from a reaction
46
What is the percentage yield ?
It is a comparison of the real and theoretical yields of a reaction.
47
What is the Theoretical Yield ?
It is the maximum mass of a product that could possible be created from a reaction.
48
If we divide the real yield by the theoretical yield and multiply by 100, what figure we get?
Percentage Yield
49
What is the formula for percentage yield ?
percentage yield= theoretical yield / real yield ​ ×100
50
What is the RAM of Chlorine ?
35.5
51
What units are used for volume in the ideal gas equation?
Cubic metres
52
How do you convert cm to dm 3
/ 1000

Btec Applied science (5 decks)

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