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unit 5 > BIOLOGY-CELL TRANSPORT > Flashcards

BIOLOGY-CELL TRANSPORT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the entry and exit of molecules in the cells controlled by?

A

The cell surface membrane

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2
Q

What does the cell surface membrane surround?

A

The cytoplasm of the cell

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3
Q

How is the membrane described as

A

Partially permeable

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4
Q

What does the cell membrane consist of?

A

Proteins
Glycoproteins
Phospholipids
Carbohydrates

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5
Q

What does the phospholipid molecules form?

A

Double layer that are constantly moving around one another

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6
Q

Explain why the model for membrane structure is known as a fluid Mosiac model

A

The model is said to be fluid because the phospholipids are able to move
The model is said to be Mosiac because the proteins are randomly distributed. It’s called a model because it is the theory we have the most evidence for

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7
Q

What is the selective permeability of the cell membrane related to?

A

To the type and distribution of specific proteins and phospholipid molecule present in the membrane

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8
Q

What are intrinsic proteins?

A

Membrane proteins which are embedded completely or partly within the lipid bilayer of the membrane

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9
Q

What are extrinsic proteins?

A

Loosely bound proteins that are located outside the membrane

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10
Q

What are the hydrophobic tails attracted towards

A

Towards each other

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11
Q

Which molecules does the phospholipid bilayer allow?

A

Lipid soluble molecules

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12
Q

How does the phospholipid bilayer allow lipids soluble to pass?

A

By simple diffusion which prevents the passage of small polar molecules like ions

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13
Q

What does cholesterol do?

A

Decreases permeability and increases the stability of the membrane

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14
Q

What does more cholesterol mean?

A

less fluidity of the membrane

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15
Q

Do all types of cell have the same cholesterol?

A

No

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16
Q

What is the function of channel proteins?

A

They are like Pores within the membrane that only allow specific charge ions to move across the membrane by facilitated diffusion

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17
Q

What type of structures do proteins have?

A

Specific tertiary structures, so they are specific and can only transport molecules that are complementary to the shape of the channel protein

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18
Q

What is the function of carrier proteins?

A

The aid the transport of ions and large molecules, for example, glucose and amino acids, by facilitated diffusion and active transport

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19
Q

What do carrier proteins have?

A

Have a binding site at a substrate that changes shape and their specific to each substance in due to shape of binding sote

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20
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

Cell communications

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21
Q

Where are enzymes embedded?

A

In cell membrane

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22
Q

What is the structure enzymes?

A

They have a specific active site which is complementary to its substrate, allowing them to bind and form enzyme substrate complexes

23
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

They’re composed of carbohydrates and proteins and are on the outer surface of the membrane and are important in cell recognition often acting as antigens

24
Q

What do the immune cells detect?

A

The specific shapes of the glycol proteins to identify if the cells are foreign

25
Q

Where are glycol proteins produced?

A

In the Golgi body within the cell that displays them

26
Q

What do all cells have?

A

Glycoproteins in the surface cell membrane

27
Q

What are Aquaporins

A

A special type of channel proteins specific to water

28
Q

What happens if a cell has a lot of aquaporins

A

It will be permeable to water and will carry out osmosis easily

29
Q

What do carrier proteins do?

A

Carry larger molecules through membrane

30
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Net movement on molecules from area of high concentration to a low concentration across a partially permeable membrane

31
Q

What is the function of PCT

A

Selective reabsorption of amino acids

32
Q

What does the renal vein do?

A

Carry blood away from the kidney to the heart

33
Q

What hormone regulates that absorption of water in collecting duct?

A

ADH

34
Q

How does the difference in diameters help the process of ultrafiltration?

A

Causes high pressure due to description of aids pushing small molecules from blood into filtrate

35
Q

What is the function of the loop of henle

A

To create a very high concentration of salts in the tissue fluid of the kidney

36
Q

Give advantage of having a kidney transplant

A

No need for dialysis

37
Q

Why does amoeba need many mitochondria?

A

For movement of the contractile

38
Q

Why is time delay important at the AV node as the impulse spreads

A

To allow the atria to finish contracting, so blood goes from atria into ventricles to allow time for the valves to close before the ventricles start to contract

39
Q

Explain why the student has a higher rate of oxygen consumption when cycling them when at rest

A

Increased muscle contraction using more ATP, so aerobic respiration in mitochondria gets rid of the lactic acid and re-oxygenates the myoglobin

40
Q

What is the plasma membrane made of?

A

Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Protein
Carbohydrates

41
Q

What are Channel proteins?

A

These proteins allow water to pass through the membrane

42
Q

What does carrier protein do

A

These cause a change in shape, which allows a substance from the outside of cell move to the inside

43
Q

What is a function of the bicuspid valve?

A

Prevents backflow of blood
From left ventricle to the left atrium

44
Q

How do electrical impulses spread?

A

From sinoatrial node from the atria to the atrioventricular node and then a time delay happens down to the bundle of his up the purkinje fibres

45
Q

How do you find percentage decrease?

A

Difference/original x100

46
Q

How does caffeine change the cardiac output of the daphinia

A

Caffeine increases the cardiac output
Because heart rate is increased
Caffeine is a stimulant and binds to the receptors
Increasing the stoke volume

47
Q

Explain why anyone can be given type O blood

A

No antigens in group O
So no binding with recipients antibodies
No clotting

48
Q

What is myogenic?

A

When the muscle contracts on its own, without any signal from the brain, and they generate their own electrical impulses

49
Q

What does the coronary artery do?

A

Carries blood that contains oxygen to the heart muscle

50
Q

Explain how a blocked coronary artery may lead to a heart attack

A

Less oxygen to the heart muscles
So less respiration and less energy so part of the heart dies so the heart cannot beat

51
Q

Which term describes the patient’s resting heart rate?

A

Tachycardia

52
Q

What is the function of the vena cava

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart

53
Q

Give three functions of the capillaries

A

Carries oxygenated blood to cell
Absorbs nutrients in the gut
Slows the blood flow so exchange can occur

unit 5 (4 decks)

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