Biology Chapter 2 (part 2)

Question 1

what are the 2 types of nucleic acids?

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 2

DNA

Answer 2

instructions used in growth, development, functioning, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses

Question 3

RNA

Answer 3

main function is to code for the production of proteins. can also act as genetic material for RNA viruses

Question 4

DNA molecules contain hundreds to thousands of individual ________

Answer 4

genes

Question 5

DNA and RNA consists of monomers called _________

Answer 5

nucleotides

Question 6

Each nucleotide has three parts

Answer 6

five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), phosphate, nitrogenous base

Question 7

Purines

Answer 7

Adenine and guanine (six-membered ring linked with a five-membered ring)

Question 8

Pyrimidines

Answer 8

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil (single six-membered ring)

Question 9

for each base pair in DNA base pairs always form between…

Answer 9

a purine and a pyrimidine

Question 10

Structure of DNA

Answer 10

double helix and has only two possible base pairs

Question 11

Adenine (A) pairs with

Answer 11

Thymine (T) (2 H-Bonds)

Question 12

Cytosine (C) pairs with

Answer 12

Guanine (3 H-Bonds)

Question 13

Base pairs are held together by what type of bond?

Answer 13

hydrogen bonds

Question 14

sugars and phosphate groups are connected by what type of bond?

Answer 14

phosphodiester bonds

Question 15

sugars are connected to the base by what type of bond?

Answer 15

glycosidic bonds

Question 16

Uracil (U) pairs with ______ and only is use in _______

Answer 16

Adenine (A), RNA

Question 17

What is the sequence of the
complimentary strand?

ACTTTGATCCTAG

Answer 17

TGAAACTAGGATC

Question 18

When cells replicate by mitosis, they make a _____ of their DNA which will go to the daughter cell

Answer 18

copy (the entire molecule is copied)

Question 19

When cells are actively making proteins, a portion of their DNA in the nucleus is …

Answer 19

transcribed into RNA. RNA then migrates to the cytoplasm and acts as the code for making the protein

Question 20

Carbohydrates make up the …

Answer 20

structural framework of cells

Question 21

carbs play a critical role in…

Answer 21

energy production and storage

Question 22

a carbohydrate is any molecule that contains…

Answer 22

H, C, and O, in a 1:2:1 ratio

Question 23

simple carbs are made up of…

Answer 23

one or two monomers

Question 24

complex carbs are…

Answer 24

polymers made up of many monomer subunits

Question 25

monosaccharides consist of

Answer 25

one monomer subunit. (glucose, galactose, and fructose)

Question 26

Disaccharides consist of

Answer 26

two monosaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose)

Question 27

many foods contain...

Answer 27

high fructose corn syrup

Question 28

fructose is processed by the

Answer 28

liver and is directed towards replenishment of liver glycogen and synthesis of triglycerides

Question 29

many ___________ are high in fructose

Answer 29

processed foods

Question 30

our body prefers to use glucose for _____ and fructose is often stored as _____

Answer 30

energy production, fat

Question 31

sucrose

Answer 31

glucose and fructose (table sugar)

Question 32

lactose

Answer 32

glucose and galactose (milk/dairy)

Question 33

maltose

Answer 33

glucose and glucose (grain)

Question 34

What is lactose intolerance?

Answer 34

cause by deficiency in the production of the enzyme lactase. it can cause bloating and diarrhea

Question 35

If a person doesn't produce the enzyme lactase...

Answer 35

lactose isn't digested and absorbed in the small intestine. so the bacteria in the large intestine consume it and produce gas as a waste product.

Question 36

Many glucose monomers connected by a-1,4 glycosidic linkages

Answer 36

linear

Question 37

Many glucose monomers connected by a-1,4 glycosidic linkages and a-1,6 glycosidic linkages. Branched.

Answer 37

branched

Question 38

Many glucose monomers connected by B-1,4 glycosidic linkages

Answer 38

linear

Question 39

Starch

Answer 39

Much of our fuel comes from starchy foods which gets broken down into glucose

Question 40

Glycogen

Answer 40

The storage form of glucose in our Liver and skeletal muscle

Question 41

Cellulose

Answer 41

Makes up fibre in our foods. We can not digest cellulose, but it does contribute to health of our G.I. Tract

Question 42

Lipids

Answer 42

Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids

Question 43

lipids compose 60% of the

Answer 43

brain

Question 44

fatty acids help your cells...

Answer 44

stay flexible and are responsible for building cell membranes

Question 45

60% of hearts energy comes from...

Answer 45

burning fats

Question 46

fats compose the material that ______ and _______ the nerves

Answer 46

insulates and protects. (isolating electrical impulses and speeding their transmission)

Question 47

lipids in the lungs

Answer 47

Lung surfactant prevents airways from collapsing and allowing us to breathe with minimal effort

Question 48

fats in a meal helps slow down digestion why?

Answer 48

helps so the body has more time to absorb nutrients, helps provide a constant level of energy for longer periods of time.

Question 49

fat-soluble vitamins can only be absorbed if...

Answer 49

fat is present

Question 50

fats do what for your organs?

Answer 50

cushions and protects your internal organs

Question 51

within the immune system, fats can affect...

Answer 51

inflammation in the body, depending on the type of fat

Question 52

Triglycerides have two subunits

Answer 52

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 53

fatty acids are chains of

Answer 53

C and H atoms with a carboxyl group on the end of the fatty acid chain

Question 54

unsaturated fats

Answer 54

have double bond in their fatty acid chains

Question 55

saturated fats

Answer 55

have no double bonds

Question 56

eating good fats will decrease your risk of

Answer 56

cardiovascular disease

Question 57

saturated fats are better for

Answer 57

cooking

Question 58

trans fats are created by

Answer 58

heating unsaturated fat to high temperatures

Question 59

fast food has high contents of trans fats that can significantly increase your risk of...

Answer 59

heart disease

Question 60

Hydrogenated fats

Answer 60

Hydrogen is added to the double bonds in unsaturated fats in the presence of hydrogen gas. Partially hydrogenating vegetable oils makes them more stable and less likely to spoil

Question 61

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 61

Omega-3, omega-6, omega-9

Question 62

Omega fatty acids are...

Answer 62

essential and get them from our diet

Question 63

functions of cholesterol

Answer 63

1. Maintain cell membrane flexibility 2. Production of steroid hormones 3. Production of bile (used to break down fats) 4. Help transport fats through blood stream (HDLs, and LDLs)

Question 64

what cells in the body contain the most cholesterol?

Answer 64

liver and brain cells

Question 65

most cholesterol in the human body is synthesized by the...

Answer 65

liver

Question 66

lipids are found in cell membranes both in the forms of...

Answer 66

phospholipids and cholesterol

Question 67

cholesterol structure

Answer 67

have three 6-membered carbon rings bound to a 5-membered carbon ring and fatty acid tail

Question 68

phospholipids are the _______ fats and are found in ________

Answer 68

primary fats, cell membrane

Question 69

phospholipids are...

Answer 69

amphipathic or amphiphilic

Question 70

phospholipids are unique as they have...

Answer 70

two non-polar fatty acid chains, called “tails” and a polar “head” that contains a phosphate group