Biology-Chapter 3

Question 1

Chemical Reactions that build polymers from___ are called___ reactions because they release a molecule of water.

Answer 1

Monomers, dehydration

Question 2

The reverse type of reaction, one that breaks larger molecules down into smaller molecules, is called___

Answer 2

Hydrolysis

Question 3

Organic Compounds

Answer 3

The study of carbon-based molecules, lies at the heart of any study of life.

Question 4

Functional Groups

Answer 4

In an organic compound the groups of atoms directly involved in chemical reactions.

Question 5

Macromolecules

Answer 5

Are made up of polymers and monomers and become big.

Question 6

Polymers

Answer 6

Large molecules strung together many smaller molecules Monomers

Question 7

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 7

Cells link monomers together to form a polymer

Question 8

Hydrolysis

Answer 8

The breakdown of polymers occurs by this process

Question 9

Carbohydrates

Answer 9

A class of molecules that includes sugars and polymers of sugars

Question 10

Monosaccharides

Answer 10

Are the monomers of carbohydrates, they cannot be broken down into smaller sugars.

Question 11

All carbohydrates consist of one or more__, also called simple sugars. Name two examples of simple sugars.

Answer 11

Monosacchairides, glucose and frutose

Question 12

Why does glucose and fructose have the same formula but different properties?

Answer 12

Different arrangements of atoms affect molecular shape and properties

Question 13

Disaccharide

Answer 13

Constructed from two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Question 14

pOLYSACCHARIDES

Answer 14

Complex carbohydrates, are long chains of sugars-polymers of monosaccharides

Question 15

Starch

Answer 15

Consists of long strings of glucose monomers

Question 16

Glycogen

Answer 16

Animals store excess glucose in the form of a polysaccharide

Question 17

How and why do manufacturers produce HFCS?

Answer 17

They convert glucose to the sweeter fructose, HFCS is cheaper and more easily blended with processed foods.

Question 18

Cellulose

Answer 18

The most abundant organic compound on earth,forms cable like fibrous in the tough walls that close plant cells and is a major component of wood and other structural components of plants.

Question 19

Hydrophilic

Answer 19

Molecules that dissolve readily in water. ( water loving)

Question 20

Hydrophobic

Answer 20

(Water fearing) do not mix with water, lipids are this

Question 21

Fat

Answer 21

Consists of a glycerol molecule joined with three fatty acid molecules by dehydration reactions, the end result is a triglyceride

Question 22

Unsaturated

Answer 22

Fatty acid, it has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens at the double bond.

Question 23

Saturated

Answer 23

They contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms, giving them a straight shape.

Question 24

What are unsaturated fats? What kinds of unsaturated fat are particularly unhealthy? What kinds of unsaturated fat are most healthful?

Answer 24

Fats with less than the maximum number of hydrogen bonds between some carbons, trans fats, fats containing omega-3 fatty acids.

Question 25

Hydrogenation

Answer 25

Manufacturers convert unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen .

Question 26

Trans fats

Answer 26

A type of unsaturated fat that is particularly bad for your health.

Question 27

Steroids

Answer 27

Lipids that are very different from fats in structure and function, have a carbon skeleton with four fused rings.

Question 28

What steroid acts as the molecular building block of the human steroid hormones?

Answer 28

Cholestrol

Question 29

Which of the following is not made of protien, hair muscle, cellulose, or enzymes?

Answer 29

Cellulose is a carbohydrate

Question 30

What are monomers of all proteins? What is the one part of an amino acid that varies?

Answer 30

Amino acids, the side chain

Question 31

Amino acid

Answer 31

Consists of a central carbon atom bonded to four covalent partners.

Question 32

Peptide Bond

Answer 32

The bond that joins adjacent amino acids

Question 33

Polypeptide

Answer 33

The resulting long chain of amino acid

Question 34

How can changing an amino acid alter the function of a portion?

Answer 34

Changing an amino acid may alter the shape of the protein, which changes its function.

Question 35

DNA

Answer 35

Where all genetic material resides,stands for deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 36

RNA

Answer 36

ribonucleic acid, help translate DNA from an nucleic acid language to a portion language.

Question 37

Nucleic Acids

Answer 37

Are macromolecules that store information and provide the instructions for building proteins.

Question 38

Gene

Answer 38

A unit of inheritance encoded in a specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

Question 39

Nucleotides

Answer 39

Nucleic acids are polymers made from monomers

Question 40

What are the four possible nitrogenous bases?

Answer 40

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine.

Question 41

Sugar-Phosphate Backbone

Answer 41

a repeating pattern of sugar-phospate, sugar-phospate, with the bases (A,T,C, OR G) hanging off th e backbone like appendages.

Question 42

Double helix

Answer 42

A molecule of cellular DNA is double-stranded, with two polynucleotide strands coiled around each other to form this.

Question 43

DNA contains___ polynucleotide strands, each composed of ___kinds of nucleotides.

Answer 43

Two, four

Question 44

If one DNA strand has the sequence GAATGC, what is the sequence of the other strand?

Answer 44

CTTACG