Biology Chapter 3

Question 1

Has a C-H core to which specific molecular groups attach; polar; different electronegativities; ex) -OH hydroxyl group

Answer 1

functional group

Question 2

the framework of biological molecules consists primarily of carbon bonds to __ . they can form up to __ covalent bonds.

Answer 2

C, O, N, S, P or H; 4

Question 3

molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Answer 3

hydrocarbon

Question 4

hydrocarbons are (non polar/polar) and make good fuels.

Answer 4

non polar

Question 5

molecules with the same molecular or empirical formula but different structures

Answer 5

isomer

Question 6

isomer that are has differences in the actual structure of their carbon skeleton

Answer 6

structural isomer

Question 7

isomer that has the same carbon skeleton but differs in how groups attached to the skeleton are arranged in space

Answer 7

stereoisomers

Question 8

is a subcategory of stereoisomer that mirrors the image of molecules

Answer 8

enantiomers

Question 9

the actual molecule of a stereoisomer that has mirror image versions

Answer 9

chiral

Question 10

a long molecule built by linking together a large number of small similar chemical subunits

Answer 10

polymer

Question 11

small, similar chemical subunits that make up a polymer

Answer 11

monomer

Question 12

Polymer chains built via chemical reactions through ___ and are broken down by ___

Answer 12

dehydration synthesis; hydrolysis reaction

Question 13

formation of large molecules by the removal of water; monomers join to form polymers

Answer 13

dehydration synthesis

Question 14

breakdown of large molecules by the addition of water; polymers are broken down to monomers

Answer 14

hydrolysis

Question 15

has a ration of 1:2:1 of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Answer 15

carbohydrates

Question 16

What is the empirical formula for a carbohydrate?

Answer 16

(CH2O)n with n= number of carbon atoms

Question 17

Why are carbohydrates good energy storage molecules?

Answer 17

because the C-H covalent bonds hold a lot of energy

Question 18

is the simplest carbohydrate; 6 carbon sugars play important roles

Answer 18

monosaccharides

Question 19

Fructose is a __ of glucose.

Answer 19

structural isomer

Question 20

Galactose is a __ of glucose

Answer 20

stereoisomer

Question 21

2 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis; used for sugar transport or energy storage

Answer 21

disaccharide

Question 22

most plants use this to transport glucose & is sugar that most humans and animals eat; it is made by the combination of glucose and fructose

Answer 22

sucrose

Question 23

the combination of glucose and galactose

Answer 23

lactose

Question 24

long chains of monosaccharides; linked through dehydration synthesis

Answer 24

polysaccharide

Question 25

In regards to energy storage of polysaccharides, plants use __ and animals use __

Answer 25

starch; glycogen

Question 26

In regards to structural support of polysaccharides, plants use __ and arthropods and fungi use __

Answer 26

cellulose; chitin

Question 27

storage polysaccharide for plants; alpha glucose molecules linked in long chains

Answer 27

starch

Question 28

structural polysaccharide; beta glucose molecules linked in long chains; cannot be broken down readily by most creatures therefore it works best as biologically structural material

Answer 28

cellulose

Question 29

structural material found in arthropods and many fungi; principal structural element in the external skeletons of many invertebrates

Answer 29

chitin

Question 30

Nucleic acids are (polymers/monomers) while nucleotides are (polymers/monomers)

Answer 30

polymers; monomers

Question 31

Describe the atomic make up of a nucleotide.

Answer 31

5 carbon sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

Question 32

Sugar is ___ in DNA and ___ RNA

Answer 32

deoxyribose; ribose

Question 33

What are the 2 nitrogenous bases for nucleotides?

Answer 33

Purines & Pyrimidines

Question 34

2 purines that are large double ringed molecules

Answer 34

adenine and guanine

Question 35

3 pyrimidines that are small single ringed molecules

Answer 35

thymine, cytosine, uracil

Question 36

Nucleotides are connected by __ bonds.

Answer 36

phosphodiester

Question 37

a type of nucleic acid that encodes genetic info used to assemble proteins

Answer 37

DNA

Question 38

DNA stands for __

Answer 38

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 39

Describe the double helix in DNA.

Answer 39

it consist of 2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds

Question 40

What are the base pairing rules for DNA?

Answer 40

1. Adenine can only pair with Thymine | 2. Cytosine can only pair with Guanine

Question 41

What are some differences between DNA & RNA?

Answer 41

1. RNA has ribose instead of deoxyribose. | 2. Contains uracil instead of thymine, which pairs adenine

Question 42

What does ATP stand for and what is its function?

Answer 42

adenosine triphosphate; it is the primary energy currency of the cell

Question 43

What is the purpose of NAD+ and FAD+?

Answer 43

these serve as electron carriers for many cellular reactions in nucleotides

Question 44

List 4 common functional groups.

Answer 44

1. Hydroxyl group, -OH 2. Carbonyl group, -C=O 3. Carboxyl group, -COOH 4. Phosphate group, -PO4

Question 45

List 6 functions of proteins.

Answer 45

1. enzyme catalysis 2. defense 3. transport 4. support 5. motion 6. regulation

Question 46

All amino acids have an __ group, a ___ group, and a __ group.

Answer 46

amine, carboxyl, side R

Question 47

List the 5 chemical properties of amino acids.

Answer 47

1. Non polar amino acids, which are hydrophobic 2. polar uncharged amino acids, which are hydrophilic 3. ionizable amino acids, contains acids or bases; are hydrophilic 4. aromatic amino acids containing benzene ring 5. special amino acids- methionine, proline, cysteine

Question 48

amino acid that causes kinks in protein chains

Answer 48

proline

Question 49

amino acid that bonds with itself to bend protein

Answer 49

cysteine

Question 50

Amino acids are bonded together by __

Answer 50

peptide bonds

Question 51

amino acids are joined by peptide bonds into long chains called __

Answer 51

polypeptides

Question 52

Protein function depends on __

Answer 52

shape