Biology chapter 6 term 3

Question 1

is a disease that is caused by a pathogen passed from one organism to another , disrupting homeostasis in the organism’s body

Answer 1

infectious disease

Question 2

are the cause of infectious diseases. some, but not all, types of bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, and parasites are

Answer 2

pathogens

Question 3

An organism that can be seen only through a microscope

Answer 3

microorganisms

Question 4

demonstrated that microorganisms from the air are able to grow in nutrient solutions

Answer 4

Louis pasteur

Question 5

states that some microorganisms are pathogens

Answer 5

The germ theory

Question 6

clearly demonstrated the germ theory and developed his potulats

Answer 6

Robert Koch

Question 7

is a german physician that studied a deadly disease that affects cattle, sheep and humans

Answer 7

Robert Koch

Question 8

a deadly disease that affects cattle and sheep and can also affect people

Answer 8

anthrax

Question 9

are rules for demonstrating that an organism causes a disease

Answer 9

Koch’s postulates

Question 10

are steps followed to identify a specific pathogen as the agent of a specific disease

Answer 10

Koch’s postulates

Question 11

The suspected pathogens must be isolated from the diseased host in every case of the disease

Answer 11

Postulate 1

Question 12

The suspected pathogens must be grown in pure culture on artificial media in the laboratory

Answer 12

Postulate 2

Question 13

The suspected pathogens from the pure culture must cause the same disease when placed in a healthy new host

Answer 13

Postulate 3

Question 14

The suspected pathogens must be isolated from the new host, grown again in pure culture, and shown to have the same characteristics as the original pathogens

Answer 14

Postulate 4

Question 15

cannot be grown in pure culture on artificial media

Answer 15

syphilis

Question 16

are the nutrients that the bacteria need to survive and reproduce

Answer 16

Artificial media

Question 17

are needed because viruses cannot be grown on artificial media

Answer 17

cultured cells

Question 18

an infection of the coverings of the brain and spinal cord

Answer 18

meningitis

Question 19

is a source of the pathogen in the environment and it can be animals,people, or inanimate objects, such as soil

Answer 19

Reservoir

Question 20

are the main reservoir for pathogens that affect humans

Answer 20

Human

Question 21

An individual that is symptom-free but capable of passing the pathogen is called a

Answer 21

carrier

Question 22

Pathogens that cause colds, the flu, and sexually transmitted diseases, and can be passed on without the person knowing he or she is infected such as

Answer 22

HIV

Question 23

is found in domestic dogs and many wild animals, such as bats,skunks, and racoons

Answer 23

Rabies

Question 24

bacteria produce a potent toxin that causes spasms in voluntary muscles

Answer 24

The tetanus bacteria

Question 25

usually is caused when a person consumes food in which the bacteria have grown and produced a toxin. This toxin paralyzes nerves.

Answer 25

Botulism

Question 26

what are the known health agencies ?

Answer 26

community health department, (CDC), (WHO)

Question 27

where are the headquarters of (CDC)?

Answer 27

in Atlanta, Georgia

Question 28

some diseases, such as the common cold are known as....because small numbers of incidents are continually found within the population

Answer 28

endemic diseases

Question 29

a particular disease will have a large outbreak in an area and afflict many people causing an

Answer 29

epidemic

Question 30

if an epidemic is widespread throughout a large region such as a country, continent, or the entire globe it is described as

Answer 30

pandemic

Question 31

protects the body from any pathogen that the body encounters and are not aimed at a specific pathogen

Answer 31

nonspecific immunity

Question 32

helps to prevent disease and also helps to slow the progression of the disease

Answer 32

nonspecific immunity

Question 33

begins to develop its defenses and is the most effective immune response

Answer 33

specific immunity

Question 34

is the first line of defense

Answer 34

nonspecific immunity

Question 35

are used by the body to protect against pathogens

Answer 35

Barriers

Question 36

contains layers of living cells covered by many layers of dead skin cells

Answer 36

Skin barrier

Question 37

helps protect against invasion by microorganisms

Answer 37

dead skin layers

Question 38

These bacteria are found on human skin and provide protection from pathogens

Answer 38

staphylococcus epidermidis

Question 39

saliva, tears, and nasal secretions contain the enzyme lysozyme which breaks down bacterial cell walls, which kills pathogens

Answer 39

chemical barriers

Question 40

is a chemical which is secreted by many inner surfaces of the body. it acts as a productive barrier, blocking bacteria from sticking to the inner epithelial cells

Answer 40

mucus

Question 41

line the airway. Their beating motion sends any bacteria caught in the mucus away from the lungs

Answer 41

cilia

Question 42

a third chemical defence is the....secreted in your stomach. in addition to digestion, stomach acid kills many microorganisms found in food that could cause disease

Answer 42

hydrochloric acid

Question 43

involves specialized immune cells that respond when chemical and physical barriers are breached by foreign agents.

Answer 43

Cellular defense

Question 44

one method of defence is

Answer 44

phagocytosis white blood cells

Question 45

are phagocytosis

Answer 45

neutrophils and macrophages

Question 46

is the process by which phagocytic cells surround and internalize the foreign microorganisms

Answer 46

phagocytosis

Question 47

release digestive enzymes and other harmful chemicals from their lysosomes, destroying the microorganisms

Answer 47

phagocytes

Question 48

a series about 20 protein that are found in the blood plasma are called

Answer 48

complement proteins

Question 49

enhance phagocytosis by helping the phagocytic cells bind better to pathogens and activating the phagocytes

Answer 49

complement proteins

Question 50

Virus-infected cells secrete a protein called

Answer 50

interferon

Question 51

binds to neighboring cells and stimulates these cells to produce antiviral proteins which can prevent viral replication in these cells

Answer 51

interferon

Question 52

Another nonspecific response, is a complex series of events that involves many chemicals and immune cells that help enhance the overall immune response

Answer 52

inflammatory response

Question 53

are a type of white cells that is produced in red bone marrow and includes the lymph nodes,tonsils,spleen ,thymus gland

Answer 53

Lymphocytes

Question 54

are located in all lymphatic tissues and can be thought of as antibody factories

Answer 54

B cells

Question 55

are protein produced by lymphocytes that specifically react with a foreign antigen

Answer 55

Antibodies

Question 56

is a substance foreign to the body that causes an immune response, it can bind to an antibody or T cell

Answer 56

An antigen

Question 57

binds processed antigen and attaches to a B cells

Answer 57

helper T cells

Question 58

continue the process of binding antigens, attaching to B cells, and reproducing

Answer 58

helper T cells

Question 59

binds to a B cell holding an antigen, the B cells begins to manufacture antibodies that specifically bind to the antigen

Answer 59

helper T cells

Question 60

types of cell

Answer 60

neutrophils , macrophages , lymphocytes

Question 61

blood cells that ingest bacteria

Answer 61

Neutrophils

Question 62

blood cells that ingest bacteria and remove dead neutrophils and other debris

Answer 62

Macrophages

Question 63

specific immunity (antibodies and killing of pathogens) blood cells that produce antibodies and other chemicals

Answer 63

Lymphocytes

Question 64

Organs and cells that filter lymph and blood and destroy foreign microorganism

Answer 64

Lymphatic System

Question 65

is a clear fluid that contain oxygen , nutrients, white blood cells.

Answer 65

Lymph

Question 66

Lymphocytes are produced in the...

Answer 66

Red bone marrow

Question 67

specific defences:

Answer 67

Lymphocytes, antibodies ,memory cells

Question 68

are a type of white blood cells that is produced in red bone marrow

Answer 68

Lymphocytes

Question 69

includes organs and cells that filter lymph and blood, destroy foreign microorganisms and absorb fat

Answer 69

Lymphatic System

Question 70

filter lymph and remove foreign materials from the blood

Answer 70

lymph node

Question 71

form protective ring of lymphatic tissues between nasal and oral cavities and protects nose and mouth against bacteria and harmful materials

Answer 71

tonsils

Question 72

stores blood and destroy damaged red blood cells

Answer 72

spleen

Question 73

activate lymphocytes called T cells which are produced in bone marrow

Answer 73

Thymus gland

Question 74

antibodies are proteins produced by

Answer 74

B cells (antibodies factory)

Question 75

Some activated B cells remains as

Answer 75

memory cell

Question 76

stimulate the cells of the immune system to divide and recruit immune cells to an area of infection

Answer 76

Cytokines

Question 77

destroy pathogens and release chemicals called cytokines

Answer 77

cytotoxic T cells

Question 78

The body's first response to an invasion by a pathogen is called

Answer 78

The primary response

Question 79

remember particular antigens so, if they appear in your body in the future, your immune system can mount a defense quickly

Answer 79

memory cells