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MCAT Biology > Biology: Chapter 7: The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Biology: Chapter 7: The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two systems of the heart

A

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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2
Q

what is each side of the heart made up of

A

atria and ventricle

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3
Q

what separates the right atrium from the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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4
Q

what separates the left atrium from the left ventricle

A

bicuspid valve/mitral valve

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5
Q

what separates the right ventricles from the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary valve

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6
Q

what separates the left ventricle from the aorta

A

aortic valve

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7
Q

what is the path of blood

A

right atrium -tricuspid -> right ventricle -pulmonary–> pulmonary artery –> lungs –> pulmonary veins –> left atrium -mitral–> left ventricle -aortic–> aorta —>arteries –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> veins –> vena cavae –> right atrium

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8
Q

why does the left side of the heart have more muscle

A

the left side pumps blood throughout entire body

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9
Q

what is the path of electrical conduction in the heart

A

Sinoatrial node –> atrioventricular node –> Bundle of HIS –> purkinje fibers

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10
Q

what is systole

A

period during ventricular contraction when the AV valves are closed

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11
Q

what is diastole

A

the heart is relaxed and the semilunar valves are closed

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12
Q

what are the semilunar valves

A

separate ventricles from vascalature

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13
Q

what is the cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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14
Q

what role does the autonomic system play in heart rate

A

sympathetic –> increases heart rate
parasympathetic –> decreases heart rate

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15
Q

what are arteries

A

thick, highly muscular structures with an elastic quality which allows for recoil and helps propel blood forward; small muscular arteries are arterioles which control flow into capillaries

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16
Q

what are capillaries

A

have walls one cell thick; red blood cells travel in single file; site of gas and solute exchange

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17
Q

what are veins

A

inelastic, thin structures that transport blood to the heart; stretch to accommodate large volumes of blood; compressed by skeletal muscle and have valve to maintain one way flow; small veins are venules

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18
Q

what is the hepatic portal system

A

blood travels through the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein

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19
Q

what is the hypophyseal portal system

A

blood travels from the capillary bed in the hypothalamus to the capillary bed in the anterior pituitary

20
Q

what is the renal portal system

A

blood travels from the glomerculus to the vasa recta through efferent ateriole

21
Q

what is blood composed of

A

cells and plasma

22
Q

what is plasma

A

an aqueous mixture of nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, and blood proteins

23
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells; lack a mitochondira, nucleus, and organelles for hemoglobin

24
Q

what is hematocrit

A

percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes

25
Q

what are leukocytes

A

white blood cells formed from bone marrow; part of the immune system

26
Q

what are granular leukocytes

A

esinophils, basophils, neutrophils; role in nonspecific immunity

27
Q

what are agranular leukocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

28
Q

what are thrombocytes (platelets)

A

cell fragments from megakaryocytes that are required for coagulation

29
Q

what are the blood antigens

A

A,B,O, Rh factor

30
Q

what is blood pressure

A

force per unit area that is exerted on the walls of blood vessels by blood; systolic/diastolic

31
Q

why is maintains blood pressure important

A

must be high enough to overcome resistance of arteries and capillaries but low enough to avoid damaging the vasculature

32
Q

how is blood pressure measured

A

sphygmomanometer

33
Q

how does the body maintain blood pressure

A

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

34
Q

what happens when blood pressure is low

A

promotes release of aldosterone and Anti diuretic hormone

35
Q

what happens when blood pressure is high

A

promotes release of atrial natriuretic peptide

36
Q

where/how does gas and solute exchange occur

A

capillaries + concentration gradients; hydrostatic pressure forces fluids out at the arteriolar end while oncotic pressure draws in back in at venule end

37
Q

what are starling forces

A

hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

38
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

pressure of fluid within the blood vessel

39
Q

what is osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure

A

“sucking” pressure drawing water toward solutes/ osmotic pressure due to proteins

40
Q

what is cooperative binding

A

Lungs –> high parial pressure of O2 resulting in high affinity of hemoglobin for O2
tissues –> low partial pressure of O2 resulting in low affinity of hemoglobin for O2
* Each oxygen bound to hemoglobin increases the affinity/each released decreases affinity

41
Q

how is CO2 carried in the blood

A

form of carbonic acid/bicarbonate and H ions because CO2 is nonpolar/not soluble and carbonic acid/bicarbonate is polar and highly soluble

42
Q

What causes a decreased affinity for oxygen (rightwar shift)

A

high PaCO2 (partial CO2 pressure), High [H], low pH, High Temperature, High [2,3-BPG]

43
Q

How is coagulation caused

A

When the endothelial lining of a blood vessel is damaged, collagen and tissue factor underlying the endothelial cells is exposed; this results coagulation cascade forming a clot over the damaged area

44
Q

How do platelets form a clot

A

platelets bind to collagen and are stabilized by fibrin which is activated by thrombin

45
Q

how are clots broken down

A

plasmin

MCAT Biology (11 decks)

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