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MCAT Biology > Biology: Chapter 8: The Immune System > Flashcards

Biology: Chapter 8: The Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What is Innate Immunity

A

Immune defenses that are always active and non specific; no immune memory

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2
Q

What is Adaptive Immunity

A

Composed of Defensives that take time to activate but target a specific invader and have immune memory

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3
Q

How is bone marrow related to the immune system

A

immune cells are released from bone marrow

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4
Q

How is the spleen and lymph nodes related to the immune system

A

sites where immune responses can be mounted and where B cells are activated

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5
Q

How is the thymus related to the immune system

A

site of T cell maturation

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6
Q

What are Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

A

tonsils and adenoids

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7
Q

What is the non specific immune system

A

skin, defensins, mucus, lysozyme, stomach acid, stomach bacteria, complement, interferons

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8
Q

What are defensins

A

antimicrobial compounds secreted by the skin

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9
Q

what is the complement system

A

punches holes in the cell walls of bacteria

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10
Q

What are interferons

A

given off by virally infected cells and help prevent viral replication and dispersions to nearby cells

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11
Q

What are macrophages

A

ingest pathogens + present major histocompatibility complex + secrete cytokines

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12
Q

what is MHC-1

A

present in all nucleated cells; displays endogenous antigens for cytotoxic T cells

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13
Q

what is MHC-2

A

present in professional antigen presenting cells; displays exogenous antigen to helper T cells

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14
Q

what are professional antigen presenting cells

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, some B cells, and certain epithelial cells

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15
Q

what are dendritic cells

A

antigen presenting cells in the skin

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16
Q

what are natural killer cells

A

attack cells that down-regulate MHC (virally infected or cancer)

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17
Q

what are the granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

18
Q

what are neutrophils

A

ingest bacteria, especially opsonized bacteria (marked with antibodies); follow bacteria using chemotaxis

19
Q

what are eosinophils

A

used in allergic reactions and invasive parasitic infections; release histamine

20
Q

what are basophils

A

used in allergic reactions (i.e. mast cells)

21
Q

what is humoral immunity

A

centered on antibody production by plasma cells which are activated by B cells

22
Q

What is an antibody

A

target a particular antigen

23
Q

what is the structure of an antibody

A

contain two heavy chains and two light chains; have a constant region and variable region; tip of variable region is the antigen binding region

24
Q

What happens when antibodies are activated

A

the antigen binding region undergoes hypermutation to improve the specificity of the antibody produced; may be given signals to switch isotypes (IgM, IgA, IgG. etc)

25
Q

What happens when an antibody binds to an antigen

A

1) opsonize pathogens (mark for destruction)
2) Agglutination into insoluble complexes to be ingested or neutralized

26
Q

what are memory B cells

A

lie in wait for a second exposure to a pathogen and can then mount a more rapid and vigorous immune response

27
Q

what is cell mediated immunity

A

centered on the functions of T cells

28
Q

How do T cells mature

A

undergo maturation the thymus; go through positive selection (T cells that react to antigens) and negative selection (apoptosis for self reactive T cells)

29
Q

What are helper T cells

A

CD4+ respond to antigens on MHC-II and coordinate immune response; secrete lymphokines and Th1 and Th2 cells

30
Q

what are Th1 cells

A

secrete interferon gamma for activation of macrophages

31
Q

what are Th2 cells

A

activate B cells

32
Q

what are cytotoxic T cells

A

CD8+ respond to antigens on MHC-I and kill virally infected cells

33
Q

what are suppressor T cells

A

tone down the immune response after infection and promote self tolerance

34
Q

what are autoimmune conditions

A

self-antigen is identified as foreign and the immune system attacks bodies own cells

35
Q

what is an allergic reaction

A

nonthreatening exposures incite inflammatory response

36
Q

what is active immunity

A

vaccination; activation of B cells to produce antibodies to an antigen

37
Q

what is passive immunity

A

transfer of antibodies to an individual; mother to baby

38
Q

what is the lymphatic system

A

circulatory system that consists of one way vessels with intermittent lymph nodes

39
Q

how does the lymphatic system connect to the cardiovascular system

A

via the thoracic duct in the posterior chest

40
Q

What is the function of the lymphatic system

A

equalizes fluid distribution, transports fats and fat soluble compound in chylomicrons, and provides sites for mounting immune responses

MCAT Biology (11 decks)

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