Biology Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Blood is pumped into the ___, which branches into a series of arteries

Answer 1

aorta

Question 2

The arteries branch into ___ and then into microscopic capillaries

Answer 2

arterioles

Question 3

Exchange of gases, nutrients, and cellular waste products occurs via ___ cross capillary walls

Answer 3

diffusion

Question 4

The capillaries then converge into venules and eventually into ___, which carry deoxygenated blood back toward the heart

Answer 4

veins

Question 5

From the heart, deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs, where CO2 is exchanged for O2, and this ___ blood returns to the heart to be pumped throughout the body once more

Answer 5

oxygenated

Question 6

veINs carry ___ INto the heart. Arteries carry blood Away from the heart

Answer 6

blood

Question 7

The right and left halves of the heart can be viewed as two separate pumps: the right side of the heart pumps ___ blood into the pulmonary circulation (toward the lungs), whereas the left side pumps oxygenated blood into systemic circulation (throughout the body)

Answer 7

deoxygenated

Question 8

Blood returning from the body first flows through the ___ and inferior vena cava into the right atrium, then through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle, and finally through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries to continue to the lungs

Answer 8

superior

Question 9

Blood returning from the lungs flows through the ___ veins into the left atrium, then through the bicuspid, or mitral valve into the left ventricle, and finally out through the aortic semilunar valve into the systemic circulation through the aorta

Answer 9

pulmonary

Question 10

The ___ (AV) valves, located between the atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart, prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction

Answer 10

atrioventricular

Question 11

The valve on the right side of the heart has three cusps and is called the ___ valve

Answer 11

tricuspid

Question 12

The ___ valves have three cusps and are located between the left ventricle and the aorta (the aortic valve) and between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery (the pulmonic valve)

Answer 12

semilunar

Question 13

___ is the period during which the ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart into the pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 13

systole

Question 14

___ blood pressure measures the pressure in a patient’s blood vessels when the ventricles are contracting, and diastolic blood pressure measures during relation

Answer 14

systolic

Question 15

___ output is defined as the total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute

Answer 15

cardiac

Question 16

Cardiac output = heart rate (number of beats per minute) x ___ volume (volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per contraction)

Answer 16

stroke

Question 17

An ordinary ___ contraction originates in, and is regulated by, the sinoatrial (SA) node (the pacemaker), a small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium

Answer 17

cardiac

Question 18

The __ node spreads impulses through both atria, stimulating them to contract simultaneously and, thereby, filling the ventricles

Answer 18

SA (sinoatrial)

Question 19

The impulse arrives at the atrioventricular (AV) node, which slowly conducts ___ to the rest of the heart, allowing enough time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood

Answer 19

impulses

Question 20

The impulse is then carried by the bundle of His (___ bundle), which branches into the right and left bundle branches, and finally through the Purkinje fibers in the walls of both ventricles, stimulating a strong contraction

Answer 20

AV (atrioventricular)

Question 21

A strong ___ (Purkinje fibers) contraction forces blood out f the heart into circulation

Answer 21

heart

Question 22

The ___ nervous system modifies the rate of heart contraction

Answer 22

autonomic

Question 23

The ___ nervous system innervates the heart via the vagus nerve and causes a decrease in heart rate

Answer 23

parasympathetic

Question 24

The ___ nervous system innervates the heart via the cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and causes and increase in heart rate

Answer 24

sympathetic

Question 25

The ___ medulla exerts hormonal control via epinephrine (adrenaline) secretion, which causes an increase in heart rate

Answer 25

adrenal

Question 26

The three types of blood vessels are ___, veins, and capillaries

Answer 26

arteries

Question 27

___ are thick-walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart - except for the pulmonary arteries, which transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Answer 27

arteries

Question 28

___ are relatively thin-walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood toward the heart - except for the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Answer 28

veins

Question 29

___ have the smallest diameter of all three types of vessels; red blood cells must often travel through them single file

Answer 29

capillaries

Question 30

The ___ system's vessels transport excess interstitial fluid, called lymph, to the cardiovascular system, thereby keeping fluid levels in the body constant

Answer 30

lymphatic

Question 31

The smallest lymphatic vessels (___) collect fats, in the form of chylomicrons, from the villi in the small intestine and deliver them into the bloodstream via the thoracic duct at the subclavian vein, bypassing the liver

Answer 31

lacteals

Question 32

Lymph nodes are swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (___) that filter the lymph , remove and destroy foreign particles and pathogens and, thus, play an important role in immunity

Answer 32

lymphocytes

Question 33

___ is the aqueous, non-cellular portion of the blood

Answer 33

plasma

Question 34

The ___ components of blood are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Answer 34

cellular

Question 35

___ are cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation

Answer 35

platelets

Question 36

Erythrocytes (known as red blood cells, or RBCs) are the oxygen-carrying components of ___

Answer 36

blood

Question 37

When ___ binds oxygen it is called oxyhemoglobin

Answer 37

hemoglobin

Question 38

When ___ binds to carbon dioxide it is referred to as carbaminohemoglobin, and serves to remove carbon dioxide waste from the body

Answer 38

hemoglobin

Question 39

Erythrocytes are formed from ___ cells in the bone marrow; their formation is stimulated by erythropoietin, a hormone made in the kidneys

Answer 39

stem

Question 40

In the bone marrow, erythrocytes lose their nuclei, ___, and membranous organelles

Answer 40

mitochondria

Question 41

Erythrocytes have characteristic cell-surface proteins (___)

Answer 41

antigens

Question 42

Antigens are ___ that are foreign to the host organism and trigger an immune response

Answer 42

macromolecules

Question 43

Blood type A, Antigen A, Antibody anti-B, Can Donate To A and AB, Can Receive From A and ___

Answer 43

O

Question 44

Blood Type B, ___, Antibody anti A, Can Donate to B and AB, Can Receive From B and O

Answer 44

Antigen B

Question 45

___, Antigen A and B, Antibody none, Can Donate to AB only, Can Receive from all (universal acceptor)

Answer 45

Blood Type AB

Question 46

___, Antigen none, Antibody, anti A and anti B, Can Donate To all (universal donor) , Can receive from O only

Answer 46

Blood Type O

Question 47

Erythroblastosis (Rh factor mismatch between individual and fetus) is not caused by ABO blood type mismatches between mother and fetus because anti A and anti B antibodies cannot cross the ___

Answer 47

placenta

Question 48

Hemoglobin contains iron and each hemoglobin molecule is capable of ___ to four molecules of O2

Answer 48

binding

Question 49

Throughout the body, ___ waste products (e.g., water, urea, and carbon dioxide) diffuse into capillaries from surrounding cells; these wastes are then delivered to the appropriate excretory organs

Answer 49

metabolic

Question 50

When platelets come into contact with the exposed collagen of a damaged vessel, they release a chemical that causes neighboring ___, to adhere to one another, forming a platelet plug

Answer 50

platelets

Question 51

After the formation of a platelet plug, the ___ and the damaged tissue release the clotting factor thromboplastin

Answer 51

platelets

Question 52

___, with the aid of its cofactors calcium and vitamin K, converts the inactive plasma protein prothrombin to its active form thrombin

Answer 52

thromboplastin

Question 53

___ then converts fibrinogen (another plasma protein( into fibrin

Answer 53

thrombin

Question 54

Threads of ___ coat the damaged area and trap blood cells to form a clot

Answer 54

fibrin

Question 55

Clots prevent extensive blood loss while the damaged ___ heals itself

Answer 55

vessel

Question 56

The fluid left after blood ___ is called serum

Answer 56

clotting

Question 57

The series of reactions for clotting is called the ___ cascade

Answer 57

clotting

Question 58

Gas exchange between the lungs and the circulatory system occurs across the very thin walls of the ___, which are air-filled sacs at the terminals of the airway branches

Answer 58

alveoli

Question 59

During ___, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the external intercostal muscles contract, pushing the rib cage and chest wall up and out

Answer 59

inhalation

Question 60

The ___ nerve innervates the diaphragm and causes it to contract and flatten

Answer 60

phrenic

Question 61

Upon the phrenic nerve innervating, this causes the ___ cavity to increase in volume

Answer 61

thoracic

Question 62

Upon the thoracic cavity filling with volume, there is a reduction in pressure which causes the lungs to ___ and fill with air

Answer 62

expand

Question 63

___ is generally a passive process

Answer 63

exhalation

Question 64

During exhalation, the consequent decrease in thoracic cavity volume causes the pressure to ___

Answer 64

increase

Question 65

During exhalation, the decrease in thoracic cavity volume forces air out of the ___, causing the lungs to deflate

Answer 65

alveoli

Question 66

___ is a protein complex secreted by cells in the lungs

Answer 66

surfactant

Question 67

Surfactant keeps the lungs from collapsing by ___ surface tension in the alveoli

Answer 67

decreasing

Question 68

Ventilation is regulated by neurons (referred to as respiratory centers) located in the ___ oblongata

Answer 68

medulla

Question 69

When the ___ pressure of CO2 in the blood rises, the medulla oblongata stimulates an increase in the rate of ventilation

Answer 69

partial

Question 70

Oxygen blood levels are monitored by peripheral ___, which indirectly stimulate the respiratory center

Answer 70

chemoreceptors

Question 71

A dense network of minute blood vessels called pulmonary ___ surrounds the alveoli

Answer 71

capillaries

Question 72

___ lung capacity represents the maximum volume of air the lungs can hold

Answer 72

total

Question 73

The volume of air moved during a normal resting breath is known as ___, which is significantly less than the total lung capacity

Answer 73

tidal volume

Question 74

The volume of air that could be additionally inhaled into the lungs at the end of a normal, resting inhalation is called the ___; you can think of this as the volume of "deep breath"

Answer 74

inspiratory reserve volume

Question 75

The volume of air left in the lungs at the end of a normal, resting exhalation is called the ___

Answer 75

expiratory reserve volume

Question 76

The ___is the volume of air moved during a maximum inhalation followed by a maximum exhalaton

Answer 76

vital capacity

Question 77

Air which remains after maximum exhalation is ___

Answer 77

residual volume