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Biology: DNA structure and replication Flashcards

1
Q

what are DNA and RNA are made up of _____________. What components does ____________ have?

A

nucleotide monomers.
5 carbon sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

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2
Q

what did gregor mendel do?

A

father of genetics, discovered that heritable factors were passed down from parent to offspring

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3
Q

what did thomas hunt morgan do?

A

proved genes are carried on chromosomes and are the mechanism of inheritance

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4
Q

what is the identity of genetic material

A

protein and DNA

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5
Q

Describe Frederick Griffith’s experiment

A

He had experimented with bacterium that causes pneumonia. He used a pathogenic and a nonpathogenic strain. He killed the pathogenic strain through heat and mixed the dead one with the nonpathogenic strain. He found out that the living cells and the future offsprings of the living ones became pathogenic. He called this transformation. He didn’t know what the transforming principle was tho

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6
Q

What is transformation?

A

change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of foreign DNA by a cell

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7
Q

Avery McCarty Macloid experiment

A

they said the transforming principle from Griffith’s experiment was DNA. they isolated different solutions containing the heat killed S bacteria cells and examined which solutions transformation still occurred with the R bacteria strain. Solution of S strain DNA led to transformation of R strain. Many scientists didn’t believe this tho

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8
Q

Hershey and Chase experiment

A

showed DNA was the genetic material of bacteriophage (T2). They used radioisotopes of sulfur and phosphorus. Results showed that viruses transferred DNA, not proteins, into bacteria cells.

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9
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

a virus that infects bacteria

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10
Q

T2 viruses are composed of what

A

DNA and protein

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11
Q

what is the pentose (5 carbon) sugar found in DNA nucleotides

A

deoxyribose

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12
Q

what are the carbon atoms in the pentose sugar numbered?

A

1’ to 5’ (‘ = prime)

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13
Q

what is nitrogenous base bound to?
What is phosphate group bound to?

A

1’
5’

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14
Q

what are the two families of nitrogenous bases

A

pyrimidines and purines

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15
Q

pyramidines include what

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

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16
Q

purines include what

A

adenine, and guanine

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17
Q

Thymine is found where?
Uracil is found where?
where are the others found?

A

DNA
RNA
Both

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18
Q

nucleotides are joined together by a series of ________ to form a strand called _______________

A

dehydration reactions, polynucleotide

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19
Q

covalent bonds are formed between the ____________ of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the next nucleotide

A

3’ carbon

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20
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

link between 3’ carbon of one nucleotide and the 5’ carbon of the next nucleotide

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21
Q

polynucleotides have two ends:

A

3’ end (hydroxyl) and 5’ end (phosphate)

22
Q

where are nucleotides added during DNA and RNA synthesis

A

3’ end of the growing strand

23
Q

Franklin and Wilkin’s contribution

A

used crystallography to study 3D structure of DNA. concluded that two outer sugar phosphate backbones, with the nitrogenous bases paired in the molecule’s interior, formed helical structure

24
Q

Watson and Crick’s contribution

A

developed final model of DNA, added onto franklin and wilkin’s contribution, .

25
Q

chargaff’s rules

A

adenine pairs with thymine,
guanine pairs with cytosine

26
Q

erwin chargaff

A

discovered organism’s DNA base composition of adenine always equals thymine, and cytosine equals guanine

27
Q

DNA’s double helix are held together by what

A

hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases

28
Q

cytosine (pyrimidine) makes

A

3 hydrogen bonds with guanine (purine)

29
Q

adenine (purine) makes

A

2 hydrogen bonds with thymine (pyrimidine), in DNA or uracil in RNA

30
Q

DNA strand has two ends: ____________.
What are the double helix?

A

5’ and 3’ end
anti parallel - oriented in opposite directions
- one runs in 5’ –> 3’ and the other runs in 3’ —> 5’

31
Q

DNA in prokaryotes is organized into a
DNA in eukaryotes is organized into

A

single circular chromosome
Linear chromosomes

32
Q

Bacteria cells, viruses, and some eukaryotes contain what?

A

plasmids

33
Q

what are plasmids?

A

small circular double stranded DNA molecules that are different from cell’s chromosomal DNA

34
Q

two strands of DNA are _________ so each strand acts as a ________________ for building a new strand in replication

A

complementary, template

35
Q

in DNA replication, parent molecule _____ and the two new daughter strands are build based on ___________

A

unwind, base pairing rules

36
Q

semiconservative model

A

when double helix replicates, each daugter molecule will have one old strand and one newly made strand. proven in an experiment done by meselson and stahl

37
Q

Meselson-Stahl experiment

A

DNA was with a heavy isotope of nitrogen and placed in a medium containing lighter isotope of nitrogen and allowed to replicate. after one replication, all DNA contained half the heavy isotope and half the light isotope. After two replication cycles, half the DNA molecules contained only light and the other half contained a 50/50 mixture of light and heavy isotopes

38
Q

replication begins at

A

origin of replication, where two DNA strands are separated

39
Q

eukaryotic chromosome has a lot of origins of replication

A

at the end of each replication bubble is a replication for,k, y shaped region

40
Q

replication of DNA involves

A

many proteins: DNA polymerases, primase, DNA ligase, Helicase, and Topoisomerase

41
Q

Helicase

A

enzyme that unwinds double helix at replication forks

42
Q

topoisomerase

A

relieves strain after helicase unwinds it

43
Q

dna polymerase

A

catalyzes the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork by adding nucleotides complementary to template strands

44
Q

what direction does DNA polymerase synthesize the new DNA strand

A

5’–>3’

template strand: 3’–>5’
complementary strand: 5’–>3’

45
Q

DNA polymerase works in the direction ________ from the replication fork

A

away

46
Q

mRNA

A

messanger RNA, copies genetic code from DNA and brings info to ribosomes

47
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA, binds with proteins to make ribosomes

48
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, bring amino acids to the ribosomes so that a polypeptide chain can be built from mRNA

49
Q

miRNA

A

microRNA, involved in regulating gene expression

50
Q

ymes

A

enzymes make of RNA molecules that catalyze specific chemical reactions

51
Q

RNA is ____________ __________ of many types of _________ and is responsible for _________ and __________ heritable info

A

genetic material, viruses, storing, transmitting

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