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Science > Biology End-Topic Test - Year 10 > Flashcards

Biology End-Topic Test - Year 10 Flashcards

(39 cards)

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1
Q

What is Nucleus

A

Membrane-enclosed organelle inside cell that contains chromosomes

  • They contain an array of holes/pores
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2
Q

What is Ribosome

A

Is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

Ribosome reads messenger RNA sequence and translates into genetic code

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3
Q

What is Centriole

A

Help determine location of nucleus and other organelles

Plays role in cell division, involved in formation of mitotic spindle

  • Essential for separation of chromosomes during mitosis
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4
Q

What was Gregor Mendel’s Results, and How Did He Find Them

A

Mid-1800s, Mendel accurately concluded that genes exist in pairs (One from each parent), and that they can separate and form pairs again in next generation

  • Did this by experimenting on peas
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5
Q

What 2 Principles Did Gregor Mendel Find

A

Principle of Segregation
Principle of Independent Assortment

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6
Q

What is Principle of Segregation

A

Traits/Characteristics of living things exist in pairs of genes

Genes must become separated/segregated before passed onto offspring

Every organism inherits one set of genes from mother, one set of genes from father

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7
Q

What is Principle of Independent Assortment

A

Inheritance of one set of gene from one parent, is independent from inheritance of one set of gene from other parent

  • Eg. If you inherit blue eyes from mother, doesn’t mean you also inherit blonde hair and small nose from mother
  • They are inherited independently from eachother
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8
Q

How to Determine if Offspring is Male or Female

A

Every individual has an X chromosome, since both the chromosomes from both eggs of mother has single X chromosome (Meiosis)

For the two sperm cells, one have single X chromosome, one have single Y chromosome

To determine if boy or girl, it is a race between X-sperm and Y-sperm, to see which one fertilises the egg cell first

  • If X-sperm fertilises first, it is a girl
  • If Y-sperm fertilises first, it is a boy
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9
Q

What is Allele

A

Different genes for the same characteristic

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10
Q

What is Phenotype

A

The characteristic or trait itself

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11
Q

What is Genotype

A

Unique combination of alleles for a gene inherited from parents
- Which combination you get is your phenotype

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12
Q

What is Homozygous

A

Where individuals have two of the same alleles - Homozygous
- Eg. BB, bb

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13
Q

What is Heterozygous

A

Where individuals have two different alleles for same gene - Heterozygous
- Eg. Bb

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14
Q

What is Hemizygous

A

Where individual has only one allele - Hemizygous
- Eg. B, b

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15
Q

What is a Punnet Square

A

2x2 square which shows genotypes

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16
Q

What is a Sex-Linked Trait

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A

Also known as X-Linked

Autosomes are the 22 pairs of chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

X chromosome larger than Y chromosome

  • Sex chromosomes carry sexual characteristics
  • Also carry information for non-sexual characteristics, such as blood clotting, red-green colour blindness

Traits & genes that determine them, that are carried on X-Chromosme = Sex-Linked

  • Male show deficiencies in these genes more than females, because only one X chromosome
17
Q

How Does Red-Green Colour Blindness Work

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A

X-Linked Recessive trait

  • ‘Red-Green Colour Blindness’ allele is found on X Chromosome
  • Trait only appears if no ‘normal’ alleles for gene is present

Colour receptors in retina of eye controlled by gene on X Chromosome

  • When gene is defective, colour receptors don’t function properly, therefore cannot distinguish red from green
18
Q

How Does Haemophilia Work

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A

X-Linked Recessive disorder

Disease that prevents blood from clotting

Occurs when X-Linked gene that controls clotting factors is defective

19
Q

What is Co-Dominance

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A

When both alleles are dominant

Both alleles in genotype are seen in phenotype

20
Q

What is Heterozygous in Co-Dominance

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A

Individual shows both alleles expressed fully in some way

Capital letter represents one of the codominant alleles

  • Different capital letter represents other codominant allele so that two don’t get mixed up
21
Q

What is Incomplete Dominance

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A

When both alleles are dominant

A mixture of alleles in genotype is seen in phenotype

22
Q

What is Heterozygous in Incomplete Dominance

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A

Individual shows both alleles expressed in combined way

Normally capital letter preresents one of incompletely dominant alleles

  • Different capital letter represents other incompletely dominant allele
23
Q

What is Species

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A

Population capabile of interacting with eachother and breeding and forming fertile offspring

  • Need to be able to make babies of their own
24
Q

What is Variation

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A

Difference between individuals within a species

Many charactersitcis have contributions from several genes

  • Eg. Ability to roll tongue is governed by 1 gene

Some variations aren’t genetic

  • Environmental Affects (Eg. Region a plant is grown)

Mutation is source of new variation

25
How Are Characteristics of Population Determined
Characteristics of population determined by combination of environment and gene pool - Gene Pool - Total of all genes existing in population, responsible for variation in population -- Mutation & Natural Selection can change gene pool
26
What is Population
Group of organisms of same species living in same area at same time People in Perth considered population because we interact with each other - Cannot interact with people in China, unless we cross barriers = Not same population
27
What Do Animals Compete For
Animals compete for: - Foods - Shelter - Mates -- Eg. Peacocks have coloured feathers attract more mates, increasing chance of reproducing
28
What is Natural Selection
Most species produce large number of offspring so “the fittest” survive When environment changes, natural selection will favour the survival of fittest, gene pool will change - Eventually, changed population may become distinctly different to original population
29
What Factors Affect Survival Of Organism
Predators Disease Competition with its own kind Availability of food Heat Cold Wind
30
What Are Selection Pressures
Selection pressures lead to changes in characteristics of population over time through natural selection
31
What Are Selection Pressures in 'Pesticide Resistance in Insects'
When insects exposed to pesticides, some individuals may possess genetic variations that make them resistant to effects of pesticide Resistant individuals have survival advantage, as they can survive & reproduce while susceptible individuals die Over time, population is dominated by individuals with pesticide-resistant traits, leading to higher prevalence of pesticide resistance in population
32
What Are Selection Pressures in 'Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria'
Bacteria develops resistance to antibiotics through genetic mutations or acquiring resistant genes When exposed to antibiotics, susceptible bacteria are killed, resistant bacteria survive & multiply Population becomes enriched with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making treatment challenging, leading to spread of drug-resistant strains
33
What Are Selection Pressures in 'Rabbit Resistant to Myxomatosis'
Myxomatosis: Viral disease that affects rabbits When myxomatosis introduced as control measure for rabbits = Caused significant mortality - Over time, rabbits with genetic resistance to virus survived & reproduced - Led to emergence of population with higher proportion of rabbitcs with resistance to myxomatosis
34
What Are Selection Pressures in 'Bird Beaks on Galapagos Islands'
Galapagos Islands famous for diverse bird species, mainly finches Beak shapes fo finches adapted to different food sources available on each island - Eg. Finches with long, thin beaks better suited for getting nectar from flowers - Eg. Finches with short, stout beaks more effective at cracking seeds Selection pressure from food sources influenced characteristics of finch population on each island, resulting in variation of beak shapes
35
What Are Selection Pressures in 'Coevolution of Flowers and Pollinators'
Flowers & Pollinators often engage in coevolution Flowers evolve characteristics that attract pollinators - Like shape, colour, scene, nectar production - In return, pollinators (Eg. Bees, Birds) evolve traits to efficient access flower’s resources (Eg. Specialised mouthparts or behaviours) - Leads to mutualistic relationship (Both flowers & pollinators benefit)
36
What are the Steps to Identifying Pedigree Charts
1) More males or females affected by trait? - If males, go to 2 - If females, go to 3 2) Do all daughters of affected males have the trait? - If yes, Sex-Linked Dominant - If no, go to 4 3) Do all affected children have an affected parent? - If yes, Autosomal dominant - If no, go to 5 4) Has a carrier mother passed it onto half/some of her sons? - If yes, Sex-Linked Recessive 5) Do affected children have unaffected parents - If yes, Autosomal Recessive
37
What is Artificial Selection Used in
Agriculture and Crop Improvement Development of livestock breeds with desirable characteristics Companion animals and pets Disease Resistance and Medical Research
38
What is Geographical or Reproductive Isolation
Organisms separated from one another, preventing exchange of genetic material Over time, population goes through genetic divergence, getting unique genetic changes, resulting in formation of distinct species
39
What is the Order of Events For Geographical or Reproductive Isolation
1) Isolation of population 2) Mutations Occur 3) Natural Selections Occur 4) Speciation Occurs (New Species Formed)

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