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Science > Biology End-Topic Test - Year 10 > Flashcards

Biology End-Topic Test - Year 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Nucleus

A

Membrane-enclosed organelle inside cell that contains chromosomes

  • They contain an array of holes/pores
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2
Q

What is Ribosome

A

Is the site of protein synthesis in the cell

Ribosome reads messenger RNA sequence and translates into genetic code

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3
Q

What is Centriole

A

Help determine location of nucleus and other organelles

Plays role in cell division, involved in formation of mitotic spindle

  • Essential for separation of chromosomes during mitosis
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4
Q

What was Gregor Mendel’s Results, and How Did He Find Them

A

Mid-1800s, Mendel accurately concluded that genes exist in pairs (One from each parent), and that they can separate and form pairs again in next generation

  • Did this by experimenting on peas
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5
Q

What 2 Principles Did Gregor Mendel Find

A

Principle of Segregation
Principle of Independent Assortment

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6
Q

What is Principle of Segregation

A

Traits/Characteristics of living things exist in pairs of genes

Genes must become separated/segregated before passed onto offspring

Every organism inherits one set of genes from mother, one set of genes from father

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7
Q

What is Principle of Independent Assortment

A

Inheritance of one set of gene from one parent, is independent from inheritance of one set of gene from other parent

  • Eg. If you inherit blue eyes from mother, doesn’t mean you also inherit blonde hair and small nose from mother
  • They are inherited independently from eachother
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8
Q

How to Determine if Offspring is Male or Female

A

Every individual has an X chromosome, since both the chromosomes from both eggs of mother has single X chromosome (Meiosis)

For the two sperm cells, one have single X chromosome, one have single Y chromosome

To determine if boy or girl, it is a race between X-sperm and Y-sperm, to see which one fertilises the egg cell first

  • If X-sperm fertilises first, it is a girl
  • If Y-sperm fertilises first, it is a boy
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9
Q

What is Allele

A

Different genes for the same characteristic

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10
Q

What is Phenotype

A

The characteristic or trait itself

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11
Q

What is Genotype

A

Unique combination of alleles for a gene inherited from parents
- Which combination you get is your phenotype

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12
Q

What is Homozygous

A

Where individuals have two of the same alleles - Homozygous
- Eg. BB, bb

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13
Q

What is Heterozygous

A

Where individuals have two different alleles for same gene - Heterozygous
- Eg. Bb

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14
Q

What is Hemizygous

A

Where individual has only one allele - Hemizygous
- Eg. B, b

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15
Q

What is a Punnet Square

A

2x2 square which shows genotypes

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16
Q

What is a Sex-Linked Trait

A

Also known as X-Linked

Autosomes are the 22 pairs of chromosomes that aren’t sex chromosomes

X chromosome larger than Y chromosome

  • Sex chromosomes carry sexual characteristics
  • Also carry information for non-sexual characteristics, such as blood clotting, red-green colour blindness

Traits & genes that determine them, that are carried on X-Chromosme = Sex-Linked

  • Male show deficiencies in these genes more than females, because only one X chromosome
17
Q

How Does Red-Green Colour Blindness Work

A

X-Linked Recessive trait

  • ‘Red-Green Colour Blindness’ allele is found on X Chromosome
  • Trait only appears if no ‘normal’ alleles for gene is present

Colour receptors in retina of eye controlled by gene on X Chromosome

  • When gene is defective, colour receptors don’t function properly, therefore cannot distinguish red from green
18
Q

How Does Haemophilia Work

A

X-Linked Recessive disorder

Disease that prevents blood from clotting

Occurs when X-Linked gene that controls clotting factors is defective

19
Q

What is Co-Dominance

A

When both alleles are dominant

Both alleles in genotype are seen in phenotype

20
Q

What is Heterozygous in Co-Dominance

A

Individual shows both alleles expressed fully in some way

Capital letter represents one of the codominant alleles

  • Different capital letter represents other codominant allele so that two don’t get mixed up
21
Q

What is Incomplete Dominance

A

When both alleles are dominant

A mixture of alleles in genotype is seen in phenotype

22
Q

What is Heterozygous in Incomplete Dominance

A

Individual shows both alleles expressed in combined way

Normally capital letter preresents one of incompletely dominant alleles

  • Different capital letter represents other incompletely dominant allele
23
Q

What is Species

A

Population capabile of interacting with eachother and breeding and forming fertile offspring

  • Need to be able to make babies of their own
24
Q

What is Variation

A

Difference between individuals within a species

Many charactersitcis have contributions from several genes

  • Eg. Ability to roll tongue is governed by 1 gene

Some variations aren’t genetic

  • Environmental Affects (Eg. Region a plant is grown)

Mutation is source of new variation

25
Q

How Are Characteristics of Population Determined

A

Characteristics of population determined by combination of environment and gene pool

  • Gene Pool - Total of all genes existing in population, responsible for variation in population

– Mutation & Natural Selection can change gene pool

26
Q

What is Population

A

Group of organisms of same species living in same area at same time

People in Perth considered population because we interact with each other

  • Cannot interact with people in China, unless we cross barriers = Not same population
27
Q

What Do Animals Compete For

A

Animals compete for:
- Foods
- Shelter
- Mates
– Eg. Peacocks have coloured feathers attract more mates, increasing chance of reproducing

28
Q

What is Natural Selection

A

Most species produce large number of offspring so “the fittest” survive

When environment changes, natural selection will favour the survival of fittest, gene pool will change

  • Eventually, changed population may become distinctly different to original population
29
Q

What Factors Affect Survival Of Organism

A

Predators

Disease

Competition with its own kind

Availability of food

Heat

Cold

Wind

30
Q

What Are Selection Pressures

A

Selection pressures lead to changes in characteristics of population over time through natural selection

31
Q

What Are Selection Pressures in ‘Pesticide Resistance in Insects’

A

When insects exposed to pesticides, some individuals may possess genetic variations that make them resistant to effects of pesticide

Resistant individuals have survival advantage, as they can survive & reproduce while susceptible individuals die

Over time, population is dominated by individuals with pesticide-resistant traits, leading to higher prevalence of pesticide resistance in population

32
Q

What Are Selection Pressures in ‘Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria’

A

Bacteria develops resistance to antibiotics through genetic mutations or acquiring resistant genes

When exposed to antibiotics, susceptible bacteria are killed, resistant bacteria
survive & multiply

Population becomes enriched with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, making treatment challenging, leading to spread of drug-resistant strains

33
Q

What Are Selection Pressures in ‘Rabbit Resistant to Myxomatosis’

A

Myxomatosis: Viral disease that affects rabbits

When myxomatosis introduced as control measure for rabbits = Caused significant mortality

  • Over time, rabbits with genetic resistance to virus survived & reproduced
  • Led to emergence of population with higher proportion of rabbitcs with resistance to myxomatosis
34
Q

What Are Selection Pressures in ‘Bird Beaks on Galapagos Islands’

A

Galapagos Islands famous for diverse bird species, mainly finches

Beak shapes fo finches adapted to different food sources available on each island

  • Eg. Finches with long, thin beaks better suited for getting nectar from flowers
  • Eg. Finches with short, stout beaks more effective at cracking seeds

Selection pressure from food sources influenced characteristics of finch population on each island, resulting in variation of beak shapes

35
Q

What Are Selection Pressures in ‘Coevolution of Flowers and Pollinators’

A

Flowers & Pollinators often engage in coevolution

Flowers evolve characteristics that attract pollinators

  • Like shape, colour, scene, nectar production
  • In return, pollinators (Eg. Bees, Birds) evolve traits to efficient access flower’s resources (Eg. Specialised mouthparts or behaviours)
  • Leads to mutualistic relationship (Both flowers & pollinators benefit)
36
Q

What are the Steps to Identifying Pedigree Charts

A

1) More males or females affected by trait?
- If males, go to 2
- If females, go to 3

2) Do all daughters of affected males have the trait?
- If yes, Sex-Linked Dominant
- If no, go to 4

3) Do all affected children have an affected parent?
- If yes, Autosomal dominant
- If no, go to 5

4) Has a carrier mother passed it onto half/some of her sons?
- If yes, Sex-Linked Recessive

5) Do affected children have unaffected parents
- If yes, Autosomal Recessive

37
Q

What is Artificial Selection Used in

A

Agriculture and Crop Improvement

Development of livestock breeds with desirable characteristics

Companion animals and pets

Disease Resistance and Medical Research

38
Q

What is Geographical or Reproductive Isolation

A

Organisms separated from one another, preventing exchange of genetic material

Over time, population goes through genetic divergence, getting unique genetic changes, resulting in formation of distinct species

39
Q

What is the Order of Events For Geographical or Reproductive Isolation

A

1) Isolation of population

2) Mutations Occur

3) Natural Selections Occur

4) Speciation Occurs (New Species Formed)

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