Year 10 Semester 1 Exam Flashcards

Question

What are Ionic Bonds

Answer 1

Metal with nearly empty outher shell reacts with non-metal with nearly full outer shell Where the metal gives their electron to non-metal, so both get full shells

Answer 2

Each ion in ionic compound is held in place by electrostatic attractive forces - Held together as opposite ions attract (Anions & Cations) Ions form crystal lattice made of ionic bonds - Each positive ion surrounded by 6 negative ion, vice versa - Keeps formation in place

Answer 3

Compounds that consist of ions Consists of metal and one or more non-metals

Answer 4

Conductive Hard High melting point & boiling point Soluble Brittle - Force applied = Puts positive ions next to eachother, shattering the compound --Due to repulsion of like charges --Example: Salt (NaCl)

Answer 5

Ions in lattice are fixed in position Don't move = No charge flows

Answer 6

Ions in lattice can move Charge flows = Conducts electricity Ions go towards their opposite charge (Positive to negative)

Answer 7

Form when two non-metal atoms with nearly full outer shells share electrons Neither one gives away an electron - Shared electron count towards both atoms electron configuration Diagrams mainly shown through electron dot diagrams

Answer 8

Non-Metals hold onto valence electrons - Can’t give them away electrons to bond - Though still need noble gas configuration - They get it by sharing valence electrons with each other -- = Both atoms get to count electrons toward noble gas configuration

Answer 9

Makes molecules - Made by specific atoms joining together by sharing electrons

Answer 10

Diatomic Molecules Molecular Compounds

Answer 11

Sharing electrons of different non-metals Low melting & boiling points Molecular formula shows type & number of atoms in molecule - Not ratio, actual amount - Doesn’t tell you how atoms arranged

Answer 12

Two of the same atom Eg. Cl2, Br2

Answer 13

8 elements that always form molecules Elements: Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine, Astatine - All the -ogens, -ines - Basically, Oxygen by itself means O2 Easy way to remember, 1 + 7 pattern on periodic table

Answer 14

Single Covalent Bonds Multiple Covalent Bonds

Answer 15

Sharing of two valence electrons Only non-metals & Hydrogen Difference from ionic bond because they form molecules - Two specific atoms joined - In ionic solid, you can’t tell which atom electrons moved from/to

Answer 16

Atoms that share more than one pair of valence electrons - Double bond = Atom shares two pairs (4) of electrons - Triple bond = Atom shares three pairs (6) of electrons

Answer 17

Forms sea of mobile electrons throughout lattice structure Aren't held to any one ion

Answer 18

Electrically charged, formed when atoms gain / lose electrons to fill shell Fills shell to become more stable Electrons that are gained by negative ions came from an ion - That ion released an electron and became positive

Answer 19

If atom loses electrons to fill shell = Positive ion (Cation) - Forms on left hand side of periodic table Atoms that have few valence electrons that don’t attract as much, so they lose

Answer 20

If atom gains electron = Negative ion (Anion) - Forms on right hand side of periodic table Atoms with many valence electrons gain electrons forming negative ions

Answer 21

When an element from the left hand side joins with element from right hand side, the left hand side gives electron to right hand side

Answer 22

Element further left named first, keeps its normal name - If two elements in same group, element further down named first Element further right (Higher if in same group), named second - End of its name changed to end in ‘-ide’ -- Eg. Fluoride, Oxide, Sulfide, Bromide Prefixes used to indicate if more than one element present in molecule - 1 = Mono - 2 = Di - 3 = Tri - 4 = Tetra - 5 = Penta

Answer 23

Metal / Positive Ion named first - Keeps normal name Non-Metal / Negative Ion named second - End of its name changed to end in ‘ide’ -- Eg. Fluoride, Oxide, Sulfide, Bromide

Answer 24

Positive ion (Usually metal ion) written first Negative ion (Usually non-metal ion) written second Number of each ion adjusted so that positive charge = Negative charge - Subscripts used to indicate number of ions present -- Shows ratio, not actual amount - Use ‘drop and swap’ method If non-metal or metal (Ammonium) has more than one element, than when ‘drop and’swap, put brackets around the one with multiple elements, as it is one ion

Answer 25

Element further left named first - If two elements in same group, element further down named first Element further right (Higher if in same group), named second Number of each ion adjusted so that charges are equal - Subscripts used to indicate number of ions present - Use ‘drop and swap’ method

Answer 26

Substance that produces H+ ions in a solution Has a pH of below 7

Answer 27

Substance that produces OH- ions in a solution Has a pH of above 7 Metal Oxides and Metal Hydroxides are bases

Answer 28

How fast a reaction proceeds, does not mean more products are formed in reaction

Answer 29

Measures disappearance of reactant over time Measures appearance of product over time

Answer 30

For reaction to occur, atoms/ions/molecules must collide with enough energy and correct orientation for reaction to occur - Model known as collision theory - Only some collisions result in reaction Some collisions don’t result in reaction - In these, the molecules bounce apart with no reaction When it does result in reaction; - A weak chemical bond forms between the new molecules -- Substance is unstable, and only exists for short period of time before it breaks apart

Answer 31

Reactions are faster if there is an ion exchange (Ionic) and there is a formation of salts Reactions are slower if there is a covalent bond formation between molecules, and when there are large molecules being formed

Answer 32

Breaking a piece into smaller pieces provides larger surface area on which reaction can occur Powders have much larger surface areas than large-sized bits of material - Surface area not size of pieces, but total area exposed to possible collusions

Answer 33

In dilute solution, particles (molecules/ions) of reactant are spread out in solvent (Eg. Water) - Lots space between reactant particles In concentrated solution, there are more reactant particles in same volume, so they are closer together In solutions with more particles, there are more collisions - Therefore faster reaction rate

Answer 34

Particles in hot substances have more kinetic energy than particles in cold substance - Particles in hot substance travels faster than particles in cold substance Hot particles collide faster & more often than cold particles - Higher amount of collisions + Greater energy = Greater proportion of collisions will result in reaction --Because fast-moving molecules can push through repulsion of electrons that orbit atoms -- Therefore the electrons can orbit around different atom -- Faster the molecules, higher the proportion of reactants with enough energy to turn into products

Answer 35

As reaction proceeds, particles of reactants get used up - Fewer particles of reactants = Fewer collisions, therefore reaction rate slows - To maintain reaction rate, products of reaction should be removed & replaced with particles of reactants - To do this, just stir or mix reactants

Answer 36

Substance that speeds up chemical reaction, but not used up in the reaction

Answer 37

Provide surface on which reaction can occur Particles of reactants get absorbed (stuck onto) surface, where they react to form products Products then released from surface of catalyst, freeing up catalyst to be used again Other catalysts take part in initial reaction, and are regenerated in final reaction

Answer 38

Membrane-enclosed organelle inside cell that contains chromosomes They contain an array of holes/pores

Answer 39

Is the site of protein synthesis in the cell Ribosome reads messenger RNA sequence and translates into genetic code

Answer 40

Blueprint for controlling the characteristics of organisms Each cell, except red blood cells contain DNA

Answer 41

Double-Helix shape, like a ladder that has been twisted Two strands of poly-nucleotide chains, attatched together by hydrogen bonds (Relatively weak bonds), between nitrogen bases

Answer 42

Can make copies of itself, it two strands unwind, each strand can make new DNA molecule Can carry information: Order of bases along strand is code for making proteins

Answer 43

Nucleotide is complex molecule, made from three smaller molecules: - A nitrogen base - Sugar molecule (Deoxyribose) - Phosphate Molecule

Answer 44

When nucleotides join together, they form a polynucleic chain called nucleic Acid - DNA is two polynucleotide chains - RNA is one polynucleotide chain

Answer 45

Nucleotides are joined together by sugar and phosphate groups - Sugar of one nucleotide joins to phosphate of next nucleotide -- Sugar-Phopsphate backbone (Sides of a ladder)

Answer 46

4 Nitrogen Base Pairs: - Adenine - Thymine - Guanine - Cytosine

Answer 47

Large base pairs always bond with small base pairs - Adenine binds with Thymine - Guanine binds with Cytosine This is because it gives correct amount of space between strands - Base pairs = Complementary bases

Answer 48

James Watson and Francis Crick identified DNA as a double helix (Two-stranded spiral) in 1953 - They performed no experiments themselves, they interpreted experiment results from others --One of them was Rosalind Franklin In 1951, Rosalind Franklin started working in John Randall’s labratory in King’s College London - When she was working, Maurice Wilkins (Another scientist working on DNA) was away - Randall gave Franklin responsibility for her part in DNA project When Maurice Wilkins returned, he thought Franklin was a technical assistant - Not surprising, as the situation of women at university was not natural Between 1951-1953, Rosalind Franklin became close to solving DNA structure - Though was beaten to publication by Francis Crick and James Watson - Was mainly because of dispute between Wilkins and Franklin Wilkins showed Watson one of Franklin’s crystallographic images of DNA - When James Watson saw picture, the solution became clear, and results were published in journal - Franklin’s work was only a supporting article, making her contribution not acknowledged at the time

Answer 49

X-Shaped objects found in nucleus of most cells - Consists of long strands of substance called DNA Every cell in body (Except red blood cells) have 46 chromosomes, or 23 chromosome pairs (Homologous) - 23 from mother, 23 from father

Answer 50

Located in nucleus of cell

Answer 51

Normally in X arrangements Made up of DNA molecules tightly wound around proteins

Answer 52

'X’ shaped chromosome Two stands are identical to each other Formed during DNA replication, so that two identical copies are produced Each strand = Chromatid Two chromatids are joined at Centromere

Answer 53

DNA fits inside cell because DNA molecules are tightly wound around small proteins called Histones

Answer 54

- Section of DNA that has genetic code for making particular protein = Gene Specific location has specific genetic code for making the protein Humans have 1 billion codons, 3 billion nucleotides Made from Nucleotides

Answer 55

As Chromosomes are made from DNA tightly wound around small proteins called Histones - The order of nitrogen bases in each gene contains information for one characteristic/trait -- Eg. Gene may have information for making pigment melanin, giving us skin colour -- Eg. Gene may have information for making keratin for hair & nails

Answer 56

When protein needs to be made, DNA in genes unwinds to make complementary base pairs copy called RNA RNA can then leave nucleus through pores to make copy in cell’s cytoplasm (Protein Synthesis)

Answer 57

DNA contains two genes (One from mother, one from father), for each characteristic - Eg. Eye colour, Hair colour, etc.

Answer 58

Sequences of 3 bases Used to make proteins

Answer 59

Is the complete set of chromosomes of an individual - 46 total Chromosomes - Is arranged from largest to smallest

Answer 60

Pair of matching chomosomes Chomosomes are organised into pairs, according to length & banding patterns

Answer 61

All complex organisms originated from single fertilised egg Every cell in body started here, through cell division number of cells increased Cell then specialise and change into various roles

Answer 62

Mitosis is to create new cells in the body that have been damaged or need to be replaced

Answer 63

Type of cell division where one parent cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells - In humans, it means parents cells have 46 chromosomes, daughter cells each have 46 chromosomes Most of the time, cells that are not dividing are in the phase - Interphase - Where they do everyday processes (Eg. Making proteins) Cells only start mitosis when new cells are needed Every different type of cell in body contains same genes, but only some act to make cells specialise

Answer 64

Esssential for organism to grow/repair damage Body constantly undergoing mitosis & cytokenisis Different types of cells live for different times - But millions of your cells died and replaced as you read sentence

Answer 65

Somatic cells are all cells in body except for egg & sperm (Gamates) - When somatic cells reproduce, they undergo mitosis - Somatic cells are diploid (Carry two sets of genetic material - One from mother, one from father)

Answer 66

Meiosis is to produce gametes, or sex cells Half of genetic material in each cell comes from mother, other half from father

Answer 67

Sex cell (Egg & Sperm) that has half genetic material of parent cell - Male & Female gamates join to make form first cell of offspring

Answer 68

Only contains 23 chromosomes Sperm cell has 23 chromosomes Egg cell has 23 chromosomes - When they combine at fertilisation, diploid somatic cell is produce - One set of 23 chromosomes come from mother, another set of 23 chromosomes come from father - Is why children are similiar, but not identical, to their parents

Answer 69

Process of cell division that produces haploid gametes Two haploid gametes (One male, One female) combine to produce the first diploid cell of new organism Type of cell division where number of chromosomes is halved Occurs only when gametes are being made

Answer 70

Requires fusion of male & female gamates (Fertilisation) - Each contains genetic information that influences offspring’s characteristics 22 pairs of human chromosomes are matching, but 23rd pair sometimes don’t match - 23rd pair are sex chromosomes, determine whether you are male or female

Answer 71

Independent Assortment of Chromosomes Crossing Over to Mix & Match Chromosomes Random Fertilisation

Answer 72

Different organisations of chromosomes in sperm & egg after meiosis - When cells are haploid, can go mother, father, father or father, father, mother, etc. - 2^ 23 different combinations

Answer 73

Chromosomes overlap - When separating, the tips of the chromosomes get mixed - Creates variation

Answer 74

Each sperm cell has equal chance of fertilising egg If there was only 1 or 2 sperm cells able to fertilise, there wouldn't be variation - Since all have same chance, there is variation If conditions could change, there could be variation of population, allowing some of them to survive

Answer 75

Heritable change in structure or amount of genetic material - Permanent change in DNA, may be in one gene or number of genes

Answer 76

If it affects single gene, it is a genetic mutation - Causes alteration of nucleotide sequence of a gene If it affects most of chromosome, it is a chromosomal mutation - Causes structural change of the segment of chromosome

Answer 77

Base sequence in DNA is critical - Tiny change in sequence, changes order of amino acids in protein being made, which alters how protein functions

Answer 78

Radiation Chemicals UV Light Viruses

Answer 79

Failure of chromosome pair to separate at the centromere in meiosis - Such case, one of daughter cells will have too many chromosomes, other will have too few chromosomes

Answer 80

Down Syndrome - Where person has 3 copies of Chromosome 21 Females With Turner’s Syndrome - Where female has only one X chromosome Males With Kleinfelter’s Syndrome - Where males have 3 X chromosomes

Answer 81

A change in DNA

Answer 82

In reproductive organs (Testes in Male, Ovum in Female)

Answer 83

Mitosis - Genetically Identical Meiosis - Genetically Varied (Similiar)

Answer 84

Look for unusual changes in chromosomes Check you and/or family for specific chromosome problems

Year 10 Semester 1 Exam Flashcards

(108 cards)