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freshman > biology EXAM #1 pt. 1 > Flashcards

biology EXAM #1 pt. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Science :

A
  • the investigation of rational concepts that can be evaluated
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2
Q

Hypothesis :

A

a proposed explanation for an observed phenomenon

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3
Q

Theory :

A
  • a hypothesis that is consistent with all available evidence
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4
Q

Biology :

A

Is the scientific study of life by observations and experimentation.

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5
Q

The study of life:

A

Extends from the microscope scale of molecules and cells to the global scale of the entire living planet

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6
Q

Biologists ask questions such as:

A

How does a single cell develop into an organism?
How does the human mind work?
How do living things interact in communities?

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7
Q

Life is :

A

recognized by what living things do

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8
Q

There are five unifying themes:

A

-Organization
-Information
-Energy and matter
-Interactions
-Evolution

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9
Q

The hierarchy of life:

A

Extends through many levels of biological organization

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10
Q

Order of biggest unit of structure to smallest

A
  1. Biosphere
  2. Ecosystems
  3. Communities
  4. Populations
  5. Organisms
  6. Organs and Organ systems
  7. Tissues
  8. Cells
  9. Organelles
  10. Molecules
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11
Q

The cell :

A

– An organism’s basic unit of structure and function
-Is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life

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12
Q

Every cell is enclosed:

A

enclosed by a membrane that regulates passage of materials between the cell and its environment

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13
Q

All cells share certain characteristics:

A
  1. They are all enclosed by a membrane
  2. They all use DNA as genetic information
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14
Q

There are two main forms of cells:

A

Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic

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15
Q

Eukaryotic cells:

A

Are subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles
-nucleus (contains DNA)

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cells:

A

Lack the kinds of membrane-enclosed organelles found in eukaryotic cells
-DNA (no nucleus)

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17
Q

Cells contain chromosomes made partly:

A

of DNA, the substance of genes
Which program the cells’ production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring

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18
Q

Each chromosome has:

A

one long DNA molecule with hundreds or thousands of genes

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19
Q

Genes :

encode:
units of?

A

-encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell
-units of inheritance

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20
Q

DNA controls:

A

controls the development and maintenance of organisms

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21
Q

Genes control:
process-

A

protein production indirectly.
DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into a protein

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22
Q

Gene expression:

A

is the process of converting information from gene to cellular product

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23
Q

Interactions between components that make up living organisms are:

A

components:-organs, tissues, cells, and molecules
are: crucial to their smooth operation

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24
Q

Cells are able to cooordinate:

A

coordinate various chemical pathways through a mechanism called feedback

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25
Q

In feedback regulation:

A

the output, or product of a process, regulates that very process

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26
Q

The most common form of regulation in living organisms is:

A

negative feedback, in which the response reduces the initial stimulus

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27
Q

A less common form of regulation is:

A

positive feedback, in which an end product speeds up its own production

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28
Q

Feedback is:

A

a regulatory motif common to life at all levels

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29
Q

An organism’s genome :

A

is its entire set of genetic instructions

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30
Q

The human genome and those of many other organisms :

A

have been sequenced

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31
Q

Genomics:

A

is the study of sets of genes within and between species

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32
Q

Proteomics:

A

is the study of whole sets of proteins encoded by the genome (known as proteomes)

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33
Q

The genomics approach depends on:

A

-“High-throughput” technology, which yields enormous amounts of data

-Bioinformatics, which is the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data

-Interdisciplinary research teams

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34
Q

Each organism:

Both organism and environment:

A

-Interacts with its environment

-Are affected by the interactions between them

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35
Q

The dynamics of any ecosystem include two major processes:

A

-Cycling of nutrients: materials acquired by plants eventually return to the soil

-The flow of energy: from sunlight to producers to consumers

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36
Q

All activities of life require:

A

-organisms to perform work, which depends on an energy source (the sun, other organisms…)

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37
Q

The exchange of energy between an organism and its surroundings
Often involves:

A

the transformation of one form of energy to another

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38
Q

Energy flows__________ through an ecosystem usually entering :

A

-one direction

-as sunlight and exiting as heat

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39
Q

Interactions between the components of the system ensure:

-This holds true equally well for components of :

A

smooth integration of all the parts

-an ecosystem and the molecules in a cell

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40
Q

At the ecosystem level, each organism interacts continuously :

These interactions may be:

A

with other organisms

  • beneficial or harmful to one or both of the organisms
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41
Q

Organisms also interact continuously with __________________, and the environment is affected by:

A

-the physical factors in their environment

-the organisms living there

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42
Q

Over the past 150 years,

A

humans have greatly increased the burning of fossil fuels and the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere

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43
Q

___________________ is just one aspect of climate change

-_________________ patterns are also shifting

-____________________ are occurring more often

A

-The resulting global warming

-Wind and precipitation

-Extreme weather events such as storms and droughts

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44
Q

As habitats deteriorate,

A

plant and animal species shift their ranges to more suitable locations

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45
Q

Populations of many species are:

A

shrinking in size or even disappearing

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46
Q

Evolution is the one idea:

A

that makes logical sense of everything we know about living organisms

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47
Q

The scientific explanation for both the unity and diversity of organisms is:

A

the concept that living organisms are modified descendants of common ancestors

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48
Q

Approximately #______ species have been identified and named to date, and __________ more are identified each year

A

-1.8 million

-thousands

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49
Q

Estimates of the total number of species that actually exist range from

A

10 million to over 100 million

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50
Q

Taxonomy:

A

Is the branch of biology that names and classifies species according to a system of broader and broader groups

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51
Q

Classifying Life:

A
  1. Species
  2. Genus
  3. Family
  4. Order
  5. Class
  6. Phylum
  7. Kingdom
  8. Domain
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52
Q

At the highest level, life is classified into three domains:

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

53
Q

Domain Bacteria and domain Archaea Consists of:
-once thought to be:

A

of prokaryotes

-Once thought to be the Monera kingdom

54
Q

Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes
Includes:

A

the various protist kingdoms (under work)and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

55
Q

A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for example:

A

DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms
Unity is evident in many features of cell structure

56
Q

The history of life as documented by:

A

fossils and other evidence is the saga of a changing Earth, billions of years old

57
Q

The evolutionary view of life
Came into sharp focus in:

A


1859 when Charles Darwin 
published On the Origin of Species 
by Natural Selection

58
Q

Darwin made two main points:

A

-Species showed evidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors
-“Natural selection” is the mechanism behind descent with modification

59
Q

Darwin’s theory explained the :

A

duality of unity and diversity

60
Q

Darwin observed that:

A

-Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are heritable

-More offspring are produced than survive, and competition is inevitable

-Species generally suit their environment

61
Q

Darwin inferred that:

A

-Individuals with traits that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

-Over time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits

62
Q

Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive success of individuals ultimately leads to

A

adaptation to their environment

63
Q

NATURAL SELECTION

A

The natural environment “selects” for the propagation of beneficial traits

64
Q

Natural selection results in :

For example,

A

-the adaptation of organisms to their environment

-bat wings are an example of adaptation

65
Q

The Origin of Species articulated two main points:

A

-Descent with modification

-Natural selection

66
Q

Darwin proposed natural selection
:

A

As the mechanism for evolutionary adaptation of populations to their environments

67
Q

Natural selection is the evolutionary process that occurs when

A

When a population’s heritable variations (or genetic makeup) are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others

68
Q

Many related organisms
Have:

A

very similar anatomical features, adapted for their specific ways of life

69
Q

kinship:

For example,

-________ provide additional evidence of anatomical unity from descent with modification

A

-Connect life’s “unity in diversity” to Darwin’s concept of “descent with modification”

· the forelimb of the bat, human, and horse and the whale flipper all share a common skeletal architecture

-Fossils

70
Q

Darwin proposed that natural selection Could enable:

A

an ancestral species to “split” into two or more descendant species, resulting in a “tree of life”

71
Q

Each species is on twig of a:

All of life is:

A

-branching tree of life extending back in time through ancestral species more and more remote

-connected through 
its long evolutionary history

72
Q

Scientists use a process of inquiry that includes:

A

making observations, forming logical hypotheses, and testing them

73
Q

At the heart of science is _____: ___

A

inquiry:
A search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions

74
Q

Biology blends two main processes of scientific inquiry:

A

-Discovery science
-Hypothesis-based science

75
Q

Discovery science: define

A

Describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data

76
Q

Biology begins with:

Observations can reveal:

A

careful observation

valuable information about the natural world

77
Q

Biologists also rely heavily

They build on the foundation of:

Identifying relevant publications is easier than in the past, thanks to

A

on the published contributions of fellow scientists

of existing knowledge

indexed and searchable electronic databases

78
Q

Data:
-are…
-can be…

A

-Are recorded observations
-Can be quantitative or qualitative

79
Q

In inductive reasoning:
-Scientists derive
-What is fundamental to our understanding of nature:

A

-generalizations based on a large number of specific observations

-Careful observations and data analyses, along with generalizations reached by induction,

80
Q

Inductive reasoning draws conclusions through :
-Repeating _____________ can lead to ______________
For example, “_____________________”

A

-the logical process of induction

-specific observations
-important generalizations
-the sun always rises in the east

81
Q

In science, inquiry that asks specific questions usually involves the proposing and testing of hypothetical explanations, or hypotheses:

A

a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an explanation on trial. It is based on observations and assumptions, that lead to testable predictions.

Makes predictions that can be tested by making additional observations or by performing experiments

82
Q

In deductive reasoning (phrase):
-The logic flows from the

A

-“If…then…”

-the general to the specific

83
Q

Deductive reasoning uses:

Initial observations may give rise to

A

general premises to make specific predictions

-multiple hypotheses

84
Q

We can never prove that a hypothesis is true, but testing it in many ways with different sorts of data can increase our confidence in it tremendously

A

LEE VARIAS VECES

85
Q

If a hypothesis is correct:

A

Then we can expect a particular outcome

86
Q

A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities:

A

It must be testable
It must be falsifiable

87
Q

Supernatural and religious explanations are outside the bounds of science

A

LEELO

88
Q

The scientific method is an

A

Is an idealized process of inquiry

89
Q

Very few scientific inquiries:

____________ may be necessary partway through the process

In other cases, observations may be too puzzling to prompt _____ ______, until further studies are complete

A

Adhere to the “textbook” scientific method

Backtracking

well-defined questions

90
Q

TESTING IDEAS

A

-Forming hypothesis
-predicting results
-doing experiments or making observations
-gathering data
-analyzing results

91
Q

INTERPRETING RESULTS DATA MAY

A

-support hypothesis
-contradict hypothesis
-inspire a revised or new hypothesis

92
Q

EXPLORATION AND DISCOVERY

A

-observing nature
-asking questions
-reading the scientific literature

93
Q

SOCIETAL BENEFITS OR OUTCOMES

A

-developing technology
-informing policy
-solving problems
-building knowledge

94
Q

COMMUNITY ANALYSIS AND FEEDBACK

A

-feedback and peer review
-replications of findings
-publication consensus building

95
Q

In mimicry:

A

A harmless species resembles a harmful species

96
Q

Mimicry in king snakes is examined

The hypothesis predicts that:

A

predators in non–coral snake areas will attack king snakes more frequently than will predators that live where coral snakes are present

97
Q

To test this mimicry hypothesis

Researchers made:

A

hundreds of artificial snakes, an experimental group resembling king snakes and a control group of plain brown snakes

98
Q

After a given period of time
The researchers collected:

A

data that fit a key prediction

99
Q

Experiments must be designed to test
The effect of one variable by testing control groups and experimental groups in a way that cancels the effects of unwanted variables

A

lee

100
Q

In a controlled experiment,

A

an experimental group (the non-camouflaged mice in this case) is compared with a control group (the camouflaged mice)

101
Q

Experimental variables are:

The independent variable:

The dependent variable is:

A

-features or quantities that vary in an experiment

  • is the one that is manipulated by the researchers
  • the one predicted to be affected in response
102
Q

Science cannot address supernatural phenomena Because:

A

-hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable and experimental results must be repeatable

103
Q

A scientific theory
-generates
-supported by

A

-Is broad in scope
-Generates new hypotheses
-Supported by a large body of evidence in comparison to a hypothesis

104
Q

_______________________
Help us understand scientific phenomena and make predictions

A

Models of ideas, structures, and processes

105
Q

Science is a ______ ______
Characterized by both :

A

-social activity

-cooperation and competition

106
Q

Most scientists work in _____, which often include graduate and undergraduate students

A

-teams

107
Q

___ _______ is important in order to share results through:

A

-Good communication

seminars, publications, and websites

108
Q

Technology
Applies:

A

scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

109
Q

Many important inventions have occurred where :
For example, the printing press relied on innovations:

A

-different cultures and ideas mix

-from China (paper and ink) and Europe (mass production in mills)

110
Q

Science benefits from:

A

diverse views from different racial and ethnic groups, and from both women and men

111
Q

The more voices heard, the more

A

robust, valuable, and productive the scientific interchange

112
Q

Research papers are not published until :

A

vetted by colleagues in the “peer review” process

113
Q

Scientists check each other’s claims by:

If experimental results are not repeatable,:

It is not unusual for:

A
  • performing similar experiments
  • the original claim will have to be revised
  • different scientists to work on the same research question
114
Q

Scientists cooperate by

Biologists approach interesting questions from :

A

sharing data about model organisms (for example, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster)

*There are several other popular model organisms as well

-different angles

115
Q

The goal of science is to

A

understand natural phenomena

116
Q

The goal of technology is

A

to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose

117
Q

Science and technology are

A

interdependent (dependent on each other)

118
Q

The combination of _______ __ ______ can have dramatic effects on society

-For example,

A

-science and technology

-the discovery of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick allowed for advances in DNA technology such as testing for hereditary diseases

119
Q

Debates on technology center more on :

A

“should we do it” than “can we do it”

120
Q

Ethical issues that arise from new technology can have as much to do with ____ as with _____

A

politics, economics, and cultural values as with science and technology

121
Q

DOMAIN BACTERIA

A

Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes and are divided into multiple kingdoms.

122
Q

DOMAIN EUKARYA: -kingdoms

A
  1. protists: many kingdoms, unicellular eukaryotes and siple multicellular relatives. scientists are debating how to split protists into kingdoms that work.
  2. Kingdom Plantae: multucellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis, conversion of light energy into food.
  3. Kingdom Fungi: is defined in part by the nutritional mode of its members which absorb nutrients after decomposing organic material
  4. Kingdom Animalia: multicellular eukaryotes that ingest other organisms
123
Q

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

A

Archaea are prokaryotes that live in Earth’s extreme environments. Includes multiple kingdoms.

124
Q

The molecular structure of DNA
Accounts for its

A

information-rich nature

125
Q

DNA double helix:

A

each atom in a segment of DNA. Made up of two long chains of building blocks called nucleotides
A DNA 
molecule takes the three-dimensional 
 form of a double helix.

126
Q

Single strand of DNA.

A

These geometric shapes and
 letters are simple symbols for the nucleotides in a 
 small section of one chain of a DNA molecule. 


Genetic information is encoded in specific sequences 
 of the four types of nucleotides (their names are 
 abbreviated here as A, T, C, and G).

127
Q

_____________ vary widely in nature, sometimes even between members of the same species

A

-Color patterns of animals

128
Q

Two populations of mice of the same species (Peromyscus polionotus) but with different color patterns reside in

The two types of mice match the coloration of

Natural predators of these mice are all

Francis Bertody Sumner hypothesized that the color patterns had evolved as

A

different environments

-their habitats

  • visual hunters

-adaptations that protect the mice from predators

129
Q

CASE STUDY OF MICE
The researchers predicted that

They built

The data fit the

A

mice that did not match their habitat would be preyed on more heavily than mice that did match the surroundings

models of mice, painted them to match one of the surroundings, and placed equal numbers of each type of model in each habitat

key prediction of the camouflage hypothesis

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