Biology Exam 3 Flashcards
Animal Kingdom (128 cards)
1
Q
Multicellularity in organisms
A
may have complex bodies, organ systems, cell specialization, etc.
2
Q
Most organisms in the animal kingdom have ___ tissue structure
A
complex
3
Q
What does it mean to be a heterotroph?
A
A heterotroph can obtain energy and organic molecules by ingesting other organisms
4
Q
Animal kingdom sister group
A
Choanofagellates
5
Q
What happened during the Cambrian period (542-488 mya) ?
A
This was one of the most rapid periods of animal evolution. New phyla developed here too.
6
Q
Why was there a huge explosion of animal evolution during the Cambrian period?
A
- higher o2 levels
- achievement: predation unlocked
- acheivement: new niches unlocked
- modified genes= modified bodies
7
Q
Evidence for the Sponges-First Hypothesis
A
Fossils: the earliest animals appear in the fossil records from 700 mya
Genetics: tool-kit genes
Morphology: there are similarities with choanaoflagellates, and some sponges have true epithelium
*** tool-kit genes have been highly conserved over time
8
Q
Similarities between Choanoflagellates and Sponges
A
- both benthic (live at the bottom of the water)
- both sessile (adults live permanently attached to substrate rather than moving freely)
- both feed using cells with nearly identical morphology
- beating flagella
-feeding occurs at cellular level
9
Q
Diploblasts
A
Animals whose embryos have two types of tissues, or germ layers
10
Q
Two types of germ layers
A
Cnidarians and cnetophores
11
Q
What is ectoderm and endoderm?
A
Ectoderm: outside skin
Endoderm: inside skin
12
Q
Which germ layer makes up the inner lining of most digestive tract organs, trachea, and lungs?
A
Endoderm
13
Q
Which germ layer makes up for all muscle, bone, cartilage, blood, and most other visceral organs?
A
Mesoderm
14
Q
Which germ layer makes up the outer epithelium of body surface and central nervous system?
A
Ectoderm
15
Q
Types of symmetry for animals
A
Asymmetrical: lack of symmetry, ex: sponges
Radical symmetry: symmetry any way you slice it around the central axis
Bilateral symmetry: divides body along sagittal planes (creates left and right halves)
16
Q
Oral and Aboral sides
A
Observable in radically symmetrical organisms
oral: side containing mouth
aboral: side not containing mouth
ex: if you slice a starfish transversally, oral side=bottom slice
17
Q
Which form of symmetry is present in animals suited for walking?
A
Bilateral
18
Q
Radiata refers to animals that have ___ symmetry and have ___ germ layers.
A
radial, diploblast
19
Q
Bilaterata refers to animals with ___ symmetry that have three germ layers: ___, ___, ___.
A
bilateral
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
20
Q
Why was bilateral symmetry so successful?
A
- led to cephalization (having a head)
- led to the development of sensory organs (mainly located in the head)
21
Q
Animals with a cephalized body structure would be better able to:
a) detect and obtain food
b) extend a nerve net in all directions
c) rely on filter feeding
A
a
goes back to why bilateral symmetry was more successful and favored by natural selection
22
Q
Key aspects of cephalization
A
- Concentration of sensory organs in head region
- Diverse sensory abilities and structures among animals
23
Q
Most animals have what common senses?
A
- sight
- hearing
- taste
- smell
- touch
- temperature
24
Q
Basic bilaterian body shape can be described as…
A
tube within a tube
OUTER body, INNER digestive tract
25
An enclose fluid-filled body cavity between the tubes.
Coelom
26
What is the purpose of a coelom?
- provides space for oxygen and nutrients to circulate
- enables the internal organs to move independently of each other
27
coelem = body cavity
___ = lack of body cavity
___ = "false" body cavity
acolomates, pseudocoelomates
28
Flatworms (playhelminthes) are ___.
ACOELOMATES
| NO COELEM!!!! THAT'S WHY THEY ARE FLAT!!!!
29
In acoelomates, the ____ is filled with tissue.
Mesoderm
30
Pseudoceolomates derive from ___ and ____. They also have a hydrostatic ___.
endoderm, mesoderm
skeleton
31
An example of pseudocoelomates are ___.
roundworms (nematodes)
32
___ have a true coelom.
Coelomates (most organisms)
33
Coelomates arise completely from the ___. This allows for more movement because tissue holds ___ in place.
mesoderm, organs
34
What happens to blastopores in protostomes?
Blastopores becomes the mouth, anus is the second opening.
35
What happens to blastopores in deuterosomes?
Blastopores becomes the anus, mouth forms the second opening.
36
Most animals are ____. ____ evolved later.
protostomes, deuterostomes
37
Division of body parts or parts of a body into series of similar structure.
Segmentation
38
___ are a paraphyletic group. Segmentation is conspicuous in annelids and arthropods.
Invertebrates
39
Segmented backbones are the one of the defining characteristics of ___.
Vertebraes
40
Functions of animal locomotion
- finding food
- finding mates
- escaping from predators
- dispersing to new habitats
41
What are the three types of skeletal movements?
- Hydrostatic skeletons
- Endoskeletons
- Exoskeletons
42
Which skeleton derives support from rigid structures inside the body, such as bones in vertebrates and spicules in sponges?
Endoskeleton
43
Which skeleton derives support from a flexible body wall in tension surrounding fluid or soft tissue under compression?
Hydrostatic
44
Which skeleton derives support from rigid structures on the outside of the body, such as the external armor arthropods?
Exoskeleton
45
Although skeletal systems allow for complex movements, what other structure helps?
Limbs
46
Rotifera produce ___, through mitosis by producing ___ eggs that can mature into adults without being fertilized.
This process is called ___.
asexually, diploid
Parthenogenesis
47
Asexual fission can also occur as ___ (splitting) and by ___.
fission, budding
48
After a mass extinction event, the animals with an immediate opportunity to increase in population size will be animals in which ecological role?
a) detritivores
b) herbivores
c) omnivores
d) predators
e) parasites
a
Worms and other decomposers are detritivores, and they would not struggle to find food in this scenario
49
What are rotifers?
Microscopic aquatic creatures
50
Why is sexual reproduction more common?
Sexual reproduction drives diversity, so there would more animals over time (due to natural selection) that produce via this method.
51
___ fertilization occurs externally or internally.
Sexual
52
External vs Internal fertilization
External: in the environment
- common in aquatic species because gametes are less likely to dry out
- females lay eggs on a substrate or open water and males disperse sperm
Internal: happens within the female's body
53
Categorizing animals based on where embryos develop
1. Live-bearing
2. Egg-bearing
3. Egg-live-beating
Viviparous
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
54
Oviparous species
- lay eggs outside to develop independently of the mother
- embryos are nourish by yolk
- vast majority of species
55
Ovoviviparous species
- females retain eggs inside her body during early development
- growing embryos are nourished by yolk
- females give birth to well-developed young
56
Most sexually reproducing animals have ___- dominant life cycles.
Diploid
57
Why is competition considered a negative event (generally).
Reduces the fitness of both species.
58
Hypothesis that explains why natural selection favored metamorphosis emphasizes dispersal.
In a species that are sessile as adults, larvae function as dispersal stage
adult no move
baby yes move to go to different habitats
59
Feeding efficiency hypothesis
Larvae and adults feed on different foods so they don't compete for resources.
60
What is the most prevalent group of animals?
Insects
61
For protostomes to transition to land, what are some new adaptations that must occur?
1. Exchange gases
2. Avoid drying out
3. Hold up their bodies under their own weight
62
First group of organisms that we see on land and why?
Roundworms and earthworms
- high surface area to volume ratio
- increases efficiency of gas exchange across body surface
Arthropods and mollusks (crab, lobsters, insects, etc.)
- have gills/respiratory structures inside their body
- waxy layer
- desiccation resistant eggs (no dry)
63
Arthropod four major lineages
1. Myriapods
2. Chelicerates
3. Insects
4. Crustaceans
most abundant on terrestrial and aquatic environments
64
Parts of an insect
head, thorax, abdomen
65
First animal to achieve flight, which allowed them to escape predators
Insects
66
Insects eat ___, which are plentiful.
Insects reproduce ___.
Insects ___ with flowering plants.
plants, fast, coevolved
coevolution: interaction b/w two organisms increase the fitness of those two organisms
67
Plants moved to land first because...
without plants, animals wouldn't have been able to have an energy source to flourish terrestrially.
68
Deuterostome three lineages
1. Echinodermata (sea stars and sea urchins
2. Hemichordata (acorn worms)
3. Chordates
69
Chordates four major characteristics (at some point)
1. Notochord (rod-shaped structure along the nerve chord; develops into vertebrae for vertebrates)
2. Dorsal hollow nerve chord (develops into spinal chord for vertebrate chordates)
3. Pharyngeal gill slits
4. Post-anal tail
70
Which type of extant (living) vertebrate is the most abundant and diverse?
Fish (half of living vertebrates)
- more ocean= more area to live= more species
- fish were first vertebrates, more time to diversify
71
Evidence for Early Vertebrates (fish)
- fossils in China and Canada date back to the Cambrian Explosion
- earliest members lived in ocean
- streamlined bodies, gills, notochord
- cartilage cranium
72
All vertebrates have what characteristics?
- cranium
- vertebrate column (backbone)
- paired sensory organs
- gills (at some point)
- three part brain
73
___ had the 1st jaw, likely from gill arches.
Placoderms
74
How did the evolution of the jaw contribute to the diversification of early vertebrate lineages?
It made additional food sources available.
75
As bodies got larger, they needed more support. That is why the ___ had to develop before animals transition to living on land.
endoskeleton
76
The ___ endoskeleton was stiffened by the deposition of ___. It functioned to support swimming movements.
Bony endoskeleton was ___ derived
cartilaginous, calcium
mesodermally
77
Lungs may have originated in ___, which are fish. It's somewhat unclear though, because lungs cannot get ___ and you have to examine using context clues.
placoderms, fossilized.
78
Lungs originated as an auxiliary source of ___ for the heart and derived from out pockets of the ___.
oxygen, esophagus
79
Why were lungs lost in cartilaginous fishes and co-opted in ray-finned fishes instead?
They were swapped out for gills in cartilaginous fishes. In ray-finned fishes, they allowed for neutral buoyancy.
80
Three major lineages for living tetrapods
1. Amphibians
2. Mammals
3. Reptiles
81
First vertebrates that had limbs and could live terrestrially date back to ___ mya.
~365
82
Fins-to-Limbs Hypothesis
- Lobe-finned fish had bone structures that allows for support (good for living on land)
- Evolution of lobe-finned fish led to the tetrapod amphibians
83
Which fossil is evidence linking the lobe-finned fish to 4 legged amphibians?
TIKTAALIK FOSSIL!!
84
First tetrapods to live on land.
Amphibians
ex: frog and salamanders
85
Adults of most amphibians feed on ___ by lay eggs in ___.
land, water
86
Where does gas exchange occur in amphibians?
Across the mucus covered skin, inside of their mouth, and lungs.
87
What differentiates amphibians from other tetrapods?
They do NOT create an amniotic egg (internal or external eggs)
88
Important parts of an amniotic egg and their function.
Yolk/Yolk sac: transports nutrients to the circulatory system of the embryo
Chorion: where gas exchange of oxygen and CO2 occurs embryo and egg's external environment
Allantois: stores produced nitrogenous waste and facilitates respiration
Amnion: protects embryo from mechanical shock and supports hydration
Albumen: provides embryo with water and protein
89
Which monophyletic group is the second major living lineage of amniotes besides mammals?
Reptiles
90
Four major reptile lineages
1. Lizards and snakes
2. Turtle
3. Crocodiles and alligators
4. Birds
91
Reptile adaptations for life on land
1. Skin is watertight due to a layer of scales made from keratin
2. Breathe air via lungs
3. Lay shelled, amniotic eggs
4. Ectotherms (outside heated)
92
Birds Characteristics
1. Endothermic
2. High metabolic rate (flight hella expensive)
3. Modified for flight
- Feathers made of keratin
- Hollow bones
- Efficient respiration
93
When do mammals appear in the fossil record?
195 mya
94
Mammals filled the ecological roles once dominated by ___?
dinosaurs
95
Monotremes and how many species?
Egg laying mammals, 5 species
96
Marsupials
- type of mammal
- embryo continues development in a pouch
-mainly in Australia
97
Why are marsupials mainly in Australia?
Australia is an isolated land mass and this marsupials to develop independently from other mammals.
98
How many times did the placenta evolve?
Once
99
Eutherians are ___ mammals. There are ___ known species.
placental
100
Eutherians are ___ placental mammals. After their developmental period, ___ emerges from mother's body.
true, embryo
101
Evolutionary advantages of viviparity (embryo development) and placenta?
1. Offspring develop at a more constant, favorable temp
2. Protection
3. Portable
102
Trade-off for having a placenta.
Energetically expensive to produce.
103
What does the term protist refer to?
All eukaryotes EXCEPT: land plants, fungi and animals
104
What are protists classified into?
- Domain: Eukarya
- Kingdom: Protista
105
Morphology of protists
- mainly unicellular
- play a variety of ecological roles
106
Most protists are ____, meaning it lives independently (not parasitic or symbiotic)
free-living
107
True or False: Protists cannot be parasitic
False
108
Do protists mainly reproduce sexually or asexually?
asexually
109
True or False:
Protists can be 200+meters in length
True
Their size ranges from microscopic to hundreds of meters.
110
In their ___ forms, protists produce oxygen and function as producers in aquatic ecosystems.
photoautotrophic
111
Major components of plankton
1. Organisms suspended in water
2. Serve as food for heterotrophs
3. Most important producers in marine environments
112
What is the most deadly parasitic protist?
MALARIAAAA
113
Plasmodium is transferred to humans from ___ .
mosquitoes
114
All protists are ___.
eukaryotic
115
Fungi are eukaryotes, that grow as single cells or ...
branching networks of multicellular filaments
116
Fungi absorb nutrients from dead organisms, making them the most important ___.
decomposers
117
Kingdom Fungi contains ___ species
800
118
Fungi are:
heterotrophic/autotrophic
heterotrophic
119
Fungi cells release ___ enzymes and then absorb ___ nutrient molecules.
digestive, resultant
120
Most fungi are saprobes, which mean...
they obtain nutrients via decomposition
121
Most common fungi + species interaction
mutualistic
122
Antibiotics are ___.
fungi
123
Prokaryotes v.s. Eukaryotes
prokaryotes= single-celled
eukaryotes= multi-celled
prokaryotes are smaller
prokaryotes= single-strand, circular dna
124
Bacteria v.s. Archaea
- different lipids in plasma membranes
- different molecules in cell walls
- archaea is more similar to eukaryotes when it comes to DNA replication
125
Cyanobacteria comes from a lineage of ____ bacteria and were to first to perform ____ photosynthesis.
photosynthetic, oxygenic
126
How did cyanobacteria transform Earth?
They created an oxygen-rich atmostphere
127
___ evolved from cyanobacteria.
Chloroplasts
128
