- dances - males are colorful or make themselves look bigger - males compete for females

1. Piloting 2. Compass Orientation 3. True (Map) Navigation

Exam 4 Flashcards by Begum Erkan

What is behavior?

A response to stimuli

ALL ORGANISMS SHOW BEHAVIOR

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Optimal Foraging Theory: define and key parts

Maximize benefits, minimize cost

energy
time
-risk

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Mating Behavior

Monogamy: One mate
Polygamy: 1 to many mates
Promiscuous: No strong bonds

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Sexual Selection

dances
males are colorful or make themselves look bigger
males compete for females

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Types of Navigation

Piloting
Compass Orientation
True (Map) Navigation

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Define “Piloting” and give an example

Using landmarks to navigate

ex: humans using mountains or buildings to orient themselves

ex: wasps also use landmarks to get back to their burrows

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Define “Compass Orientation” and give and example

Navigating simple and directional with an internal compass. Organisms can use the magnetic field of the Earth, sun’s position, etc.

ex: monarch butterflies migrate south using the sun’s position and internal circadian clock

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Define “True Navigation” and give an example

Finding a specific location, even from unfamiliar territory

ex: sea turtles return to the beach they were born

ex: pigeon release hundreds of miles from home can find their back

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Communication importance in animals

It’s a signal from organism that changes the behavior of another

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Types of communication

Visual (peacock spreading feather)
Auditory (bird songs)
Chemical (ants with scent trails)
Tactile (grooming in primates)
Electrical (electric fish for navigation)
Dance (honeybee dance for where the food at)

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The puzzle of altruism…

Why help others if it reduces your own survival or reproduction?

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Hamiton’s Rule

rB>C

r = coefficient of relatedness
B = benefit to recipient
C= cost to actor

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Altruism example

Prairie dogs give a loud call whenever a predator is spotted.

Cost: draws attention to itself
Benefit: warns family and colony-mates, increasing chances of survival

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What is a population?

Group of individuals of the same species in one area

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Distribution v.s. Abundance

Distribution: Where organisms live

Abundance: How many organisms live there

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Types of Spatial Distribution

Clumped (ex: schools of fish)
Uniform (ex: penguin nests)
Random (no predictable patter, dandelions in a field)

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Sampling methods for sessile/non-moving organisms

Quadrats: square plots, count the number of individuals in each

Line transects: count individuals along a straight line

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Sampling methods for mobile organisms

Mark-recapture
- capture and mark individuals
- release and recapture

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Formula for mobile organism sampling

population size= [(initially marked)(total in second sample)] /(marked recaptures)

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Biotic factors that affect distribution and abundance

food availability
predators
competition
disease
mating opportunities

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Abiotic factors that affect distribution and abundance

temperature
water
sunlight
soil type
climate

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Species range

Total area a species occupies

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K- selected organisms

few offspring, higher chance of survival for each

FOUND IN MORE STABLE ENVIRONMENTS

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R- selected organism

many offspring, lower lifespan for each

LESS PARENTAL CARE
MORE UNPREDICTABLE ENVIRONMENTS

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Type 1 survivorship curve

- most individuals survive to old age - more parental care - fewer offspring - low infant mortality ex: humans, elephants

Type 2 survivorship curve

- risk of death is roughly the same at all ages - moderate parenting - more threat from predation -linear decline ex: birds, lizards, squirrels

Type 3 survivorship curve

- high death rate early - few individuals make it to adulthood, but survivors generally live a long time - many offspring ex: oysters, insects, frogs, sea turtles

Exponential population growth

- resources assumed to be unlimited - occurs in colonization or post -disaster - rare ΔN/Δt=rN N - population size r - per capita growth rate (birth-death) t - time change in population size over time

Logistic population growth

- S- shape - levels out at "K" which is the dynamic equilibrium - 4 phases (Lag, exponential, deceleration, equilibrium) - more common dN/dt = rN (1-N/K)

Which population growth trend is density-independent?

Exponential, because it occurs regardless of how many individuals are in the population

Natural selection favors traits that increase individual ___.

fitness

Cooperation may appear ___, but it's often advantageous when it helps relative or ensures reciprocity.

altruistic

Why is Hamilton's Rule important? How is it related to cooperation?

It predicts when altruistic behavior will evolve. A higher "r" value correlates to closer kin and therefore more cooperation.

Inclusive Fitness

Total effect individual has on proliferating its genes via direct and indirect fitness. RELATED TO COOPERATIONS AND ALTRUISTIC BEHAVIOR

Direct fitness

personal reproduction

Indirect reproduction

helping relatives reproduce

Density independent or dependent? a) disease b) natural distaster c) resource competition d) weather

a) dependent b) independent c) dependent d) independent

Population dynamics: Crashes v.s. Cycles

Crashes: dramatic declines (reindeer overpopulation and resource depletion) Cycles: predictable oscillations (Lynx-Hare predator-prey cycles)

Metapopulations are populations that are divided in discrete patches by ___ and/or ___.

immigration, emigration

Metapopulation - source and sink patches (populations)

Source: births> deaths - more stable - individuals can emigrate Sink: deaths> births - relies on immigration to persist

Organismal ecology

behavior, physiology, morphology

Community ecology

interactions among species

Ecosystem ecology

energy and nutrient flow

Global ecology

biosphere-level patterns

Commensalism

+/0

Competition

-/-

Competition- Intraspecific v.s. Interspecific

Intra= competition within species Inter= competition between species

Competition leads to ___ differentiation or competitive ____.

niche, exclusion

What is the difference between fundamental niche and realized niche?

Fundamental niche: full range/potential nice in absence of competitors Realized niche: actual niche, no overlap with another organism's niche

Consumption/herbivory/predation

+/- predator benefits, prey harmed

What does excessive consumption lead to?

Evolutionary arms race, biodiversity loss, exacerbating climate change, etc.

Consumption- Constitutive defense v.s. Inducible defense

Constitutive defense: always present (spikes on plant, genes meant for defense or metabolism) - fast, energy cost is constant *think crazy constant cost Inducible defenses: activated in response to a predator (human immune system) - slower response, energy cost is situational *think induced

Batesian mimicry

harmless mimics harmful ex: viceroy butterfly mimics a monarch butterfly to avoid predation

Mullerian mimicry

two harmful species resemble each other ex: heliocnius butterflies

Mutalism

+/+ LEADS TO CO-EVOLUTION

What are climate patterns driven by?

1. Solar radiation 2. Earth's tilt (23.5)

Hadley's cells

Convection cycles near the equator causing wet tropics and dry deserts RISING MOIST AIR (near equator) DESCENDING DRY AIR

Rain shadows are when ___ air rises over mountains and drops rain on the ___ side. ___ side is dry.

moist windward leeward

What defines a terrestrial biome?

- average temperature - average precipitation - season variation

Terrestrial biome examples

- tropical rainforest - desert - tundra

Aquatic biomes are defined by what characteristics?

- salinity - water depth - sunlight - nutrient availability

Nutrient sources in aquatic systems

1. Coastal runoff; nutrients are carried from land 2. Ocean upwelling; deep water rises and bring nutrients to the surface 3. Lake turnover: seasonal cycling of nutrients and oxygen

Intrasexual v.s. Intersexual

Intrasexual: competition between males ex: males fighting with eachother to distance the other from a female Intersexual: females choosings males based on certain traits ex: female peacocks choosing the most colorful male

Exam 4 Flashcards

(63 cards)