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geography 102 > biology exam #3 > Flashcards

biology exam #3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is metabolism?

A

the totality of organisms’ chemical reactions. (low = less reactions, high = more Reactions)

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2
Q

what is a metabolic pathway?

A

a series of chemical reactions in a cell that build and breakdown molecules for cellular processes.

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3
Q

what is required for a metabolic pathway to occur?

A

a substrate and enzymes must be present to form a product.

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4
Q

what is an anabolic reaction?

A

a chemical reaction that builds something up.

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5
Q

what is a catabolic reaction?

A

a chemical reaction that breaks something down to release energy?

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6
Q

what is an example of a catabolic reaction?

A

proteins being broken down to release usable energy.

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7
Q

what is an example of an anabolic reaction?

A

a protien being built in order to store energy.

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8
Q

what is the ultimate sorce of energy for most living things on earth?

A

the sun.

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9
Q

how do plant make ATP?

A

cellular respertation.

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10
Q

how do animals gain sugars to make ATP?

A

They eat plants and other animals.

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11
Q

what is energy?

A

the capacity to do work, cause change, or rearange molecules.

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12
Q

what are some types of kinetic energy?

A

Thermal energy: due to random movment of molecules.

Light Energy: can be harnessed by plants via photosynthesis.

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13
Q

what is heat produced from?

A

the transfer of thermal energy.

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14
Q

what are some types of Potential Energy?

A

chemical energy: energy found in chemical bonds.

- also a concentration gradient on one side of a cell membrane is a form.

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15
Q

what are two examples of molecules with high levels of chemical energy?

A

ATP and Glocuse

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16
Q

what is thermodynamics?

A

the study of energy (usually mesured in heat).

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17
Q

what is the first law of energy?

A

energy can not be created or destroyed just transferred.

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18
Q

what happens when energy is transfered?

A

some energy is lost and transforms to heat which is unusable energy.

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19
Q

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

energy transfer will always result in a greater amount of disorder in the universe. = ENTROPY

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20
Q

what does the second law of energy mean?

A

It means that the more energy is transferred the less useful it becomes because each time it is transferred some energy is converted to unusable energy heat.

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21
Q

why is order maintained in living things if the second law of thermodynamics is true?

A

living organisms require a constant flow of energy ito maintian order.

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22
Q

what is an exergonic reaction?

A

When a complex, energy rich molecule is broken down into smaller, less energy rich molecules

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23
Q

what happens when a exergonic reaction occures?

A

bonds are broken and energy is released to make ATP

heat is lost so the product holds less usable energy

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24
Q

what is an example of an exergonic reaction?

A

breaking glucose dow into co2 and h2o

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25
what is required for an endergonic reaction?
Requires input of FREE energy to build more complex, energy-rich molecules from smaller, less energy rich molecules
26
give an exapmle of an endergonic reaction?
plants need an energy input from the sun in order to turn co2 and h2o into gloclose during photosynthesis.
27
wha tis energy coupling?
Energy coupling occurs when the energy produced by one reaction or system is used to drive another reaction or system.
28
what is an example of energy coupling?
exergonic and endergonic reactions
29
what are the three types of cellular work done by cells?
chemical work: endergonic reactions and anaobolic reations --building polymers from monomers transport work: moving through membranes --pumps, endocytosis and exocytosis Mechanical work: moving stuff -- muscle contraction, cell division, cilia/flagella
30
what is Adenosine triphosphate?
ATP
31
why is ATP so important?
- it is the most important energy transfer molecule in our body. - provided energy for everything your body dose. - it is the final product of the energy harvesting process from food.
32
why is The triphosphate group in ATP unstable?
all three molecules are negativly charged are repelled by each other this men's it required a lot of energy to put them together.and once broken the bonds will release lots of stored up energy contained in those bonds.
33
how is ATP broken apart?
Atp is broken apart by hydrolysis when water is added so, the ATP is hydrolisised into ATP+Pi
34
What is ATP composed of?
- triphosphate (3 phosates) - 1 ribose sugar - 1 adenine
35
what makes an enzyme such a great catalyst?
- they make reactions happen at a moderate temp. - brought molecules through metabolical pathways. - only allow reactions to happen when they are needed
36
what effects enzyme activity?
- the amount of substraits will increase the rate of reactions until saturation is reached - heat can denure an enzyme wich means no more reactions - the PH of the enzymes environment.
37
what is entropy?
the messurment of dissorder or chaos or unusable energy (heat).
38
what is entropy?
the messurment of dissorder or chaos or unusable energy (heat).
39
what is a catalys?
something that lowers the activation energy needed.
40
what is saturation of enzymes?
the point where the rate of reactions hits the max until more enzymes are created.
41
conpetitive vs non-compeditive inhibitors.
competitive inhibitors "race" the substrates to the enzyme in order to block the substrate but non-competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme changing its shape and so the activsite doesn't match the substrate anymore.
42
conpetitive vs non-compeditive inhibitors.
competitive inhibitors "race" the substrates to the enzyme in order to block the substrate but non-competitive inhibitors bind to the enzyme changing its shape and so the activsite doesn't match the substrate anymore.
43
what step of making atp make acetyle coA?
glycolysis
44
what is eniergy investment and how much is invested in glycolysis?
and investment of energy and 2 atp are invested
45
how to bacteria make atp?
useing their double plasma membrain
46
in redox reactions what ion is usulay transferred with electrons?
hydrogen (H)
47
what is the final electron acceptor is cellular resperation?
oxygen (wy you need to breath)
48
what vitamind do NAD and FAD come from?
nacian (B3) and riboflavin
49
when dose energy investment happen?
glycolysis
50
when does clevage happen?
glycolysis
51
when does the production of pyruvate occur?
glycolysis
52
when is the most NADH and FADH2 made?
krebs cycle
53
when is the most ATP made?
energy transport chain
54
when are proton pumps used?
energy transport chain
55
when is ATP synthesis used? what does it do?
electron transport chian and turn a rotor to make ATP
56
what happens in the cyto pasm or mitocondria?
glycolysis
57
what requires oxygen and doesnt require it?
everything like pyruvate oxidation kreb cycle and electron transport chain require oxygen the only one that doesn't is glycolysis
58
what part uses oxaloacetate?
krebs cycle
59
what part uses co enzyme-A?
glycolysis
60
what is dehydrogenase?
catalyzing by the removal of hydrogen molecules
61
what is deamination?
the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound.
62
what is beta oxidation?
process involving multiple steps by which fatty acid molecules are broken down to produce energy
63
where and what are mesophyll found?
cells in the middle of the leaf
64
where does photosynthesis occyr?
in the cloroplast in the mesophyll cells
65
what are stomata?
pores in the leaf that alow gas exchange like co2 and oxygen
66
what does each chloroplast have?
an iner and outer membrane liquid called stroma and a network of membranes called thylakoids
67
where is chlorophyll found?
a space withing the thlakoids
68
what kind of reaction is photosynthesis?
redox
69
what typ of light do chloriphyl a & b absourb?
vilot blue and reds and they reflect green
70
what do cartoniods produce?
fall colors once the chloryphyll is gone
71
oxygen is made in?
photosystem 2
72
NADPH is made in?
photosystem 1
73
what comes frist photosystem 1 or 2
2
74
atp is made in?
photosystem 2
75
co2 is used in ?
the calvin cycle
76
rubisico is used for?
for catalyzing in the calvin cycle
77
sunlight is used in?
in the photosystem 1 and 2
78
water is used in?
photosystem 2
79
what is water used for?
the chloryphill As lost electron ar replaced by the electron in the hydrogen in water
80
what is GP3?
GP3 is used to start the calvin cycle and can be turned into glucose
81
what happens in the thlakoids?
the (H) is stored to later be used for chemiosmosis
82
what happens in the stroma?
the calvin cycle
83
carbon fixation happens when?
the calvin cycle

geography 102 (4 decks)

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