biology exam IIII

Question 1

Respiratory pigments

Answer 1

increased ability to bind oxygen

Question 2

Respiratory pigments examples

Answer 2

hemoglobin-iron based
hemocyanin- copper based

Question 3

blood cells

Answer 3

can increase ability of respiratory pigments inside to bind O2

Question 4

respiratory surfaces

Answer 4

place where gas exchange (CO2 and CO2) occurs with enviornment

Question 5

respiratory surfaces examples

Answer 5

gills: aquatic enviornement
lungs: terrestrial enviornment
BOTH must stay moist and must have a large surface area

Question 6

other surfaces that can be used for gas exchange

Answer 6

skin(if moist)
lining of mouth
anus/colon

Question 7

tracheal system

Answer 7

series of tubes and sacs in insects that takes O2 directly to cells

Question 8

circulatory systems

Answer 8

interfere (with both respiratory systems (O2 delivery,CO2 waste) and digestive systems (energy molecule delivery, nitrogenous waste)
- transport of heat absorbed from enviornment

Question 9

types of circulatory systems

Answer 9

-open system- heart pumps blood directly (hemolymph)into coelem( body cavity)
-closed system- Heart pumps blood through system of vessles (arteries, capillaries, veins)

Question 10

types of closed circulatory systems (single circuit)

Answer 10

-Single circuit: Blood doesnt return to heart after going to respiratory surface
- typical of animals like fish, and animals with low energy demand, low activity levles, or many ectotherms

Question 11

types of closed circulatory systems (double circuit)

Answer 11

system with 4-chambered heart is in mammals and birds
- helps pump blood for higher activity levels and body sizes
-typical of endotherms

Question 12

digestive systems

Answer 12

these interfere with circulatory systems
- they process food items and ultimately pass biomolecules from the food into the circulatory system

Question 13

mechanical processing

Answer 13

food items are physically broken down into smaller pieces
ex. teeth, crop/gizzard- small sacs in upper digestive tract that may contain rocks that help grind up the food.

Question 14

chemical processing

Answer 14

uses enzymes and other chemicals to break food particles down further
- depending on the animal, begins in the mouth, and continues through the stomach and small intestine
- many animals secrete bile to help absorb lipids
- some animals use venoms to immobilize prey and predigest it

Question 15

small intestine

Answer 15

place where biomolecules are absorbed into circulatory system
- length and tiny internal projections maximize surface area
herbivores have longer and more complex intestines than carnivores
-many herbivores’ animals have microorganisms in the digestive tract that perform cellulose digestion
<- rumen(foregut: stomach and small intestine)
<- cecum (rear gut: part of large intestine)

Question 16

large intestine

Answer 16

elimination of “solid” wastes (undigested matter)
-important habitat for microbes
-some produce important vitamins
- some are cellulose digesters in cecum
- many are benficial in outcompeting potentially harmful organisms
-absorbs water
-interact between microbes and immune and nervous systems

Question 17

liver and pancreas

Answer 17

• hormones control absorption of glucose from blood by cells performing respiration
• insulin

Question 18

liver

Answer 18

• is the major site of glycogen storage and a different hormone causes this to be released into the blood as glucose
• glucagon

Question 19

excretory systems function

Answer 19

main functions are osmoregulation (water and salts) as well as the release of nitrogenous waste from protein metabolism.

Question 20

excretory system

Answer 20

excretory organs vary in structure across animals (mammals have kidneys consisting of nephrons)
- organ filters water, salts and nitrogenous waste out of blood
- most animals selectively reabsorb most or all of water and salts, releasing mainly the nitrogenous wastes

Question 21

types of nitrogenous waste

Answer 21

-ammonia: cheap to produce, but toxic, requires a lot of water ex: aquatic animals
- urea: more expensive to make requires less water ex: terrestrial animals
- uric acid: very expensive to make, nontoxic, requires little water ex: desert animals, birds

Question 22

receptor and signal molecules

Answer 22

signal transduction

Question 23

communication systems

Answer 23

• Help the cells of animals (communicate with eachother inside a body, or even between other animals)
• cells have receptor molecules that are specific to the shape of certain signal molecules
• appropriately-shaped signal molecule triggers internal signaling inside cell that often triggers production of a protein (signal transduction)

Question 24

endocrine system

Answer 24

uses signal molecules called hormones that are released by endocine glands into the cirulatory system

Question 25

pheromones

Answer 25

hormones signaling between animals

Question 26

endocrine disruption

Answer 26

some pollutants can mimic the chemical structure of hormones such as estrogen - this can cause intersex individuals, population biased infertility

Question 27

immune systems

Answer 27

help detect and remove non-self cells and molecules

Question 28

antigens

Answer 28

surface molecules of cells detected by immune cells

Question 29

B cells

Answer 29

patrol blood and other areas using receptors to detect antigens of specific infectious organisms - once detected, B cells produce antibodies that are basically receptors that stick to the foreign organism, immobilizing it and signaling to other immune cells

Question 30

MHC function

Answer 30

displays antigens from inside cell to T cells which are looking for infected cells

Question 31

vaccination

Answer 31

primes the immune system in advance with antigens from infectious organisms

Question 32

allergy

Answer 32

immune response to harmless antigens (allergens)

Question 33

autoimmune disease

Answer 33

immune system recognizes self-antigens as foreign

Question 34

nervous system

Answer 34

use a network of specialized cells (neurons) to transmit rapid electrochemical messages

Question 35

Nervous system facts

Answer 35

- Many neurons are not directly connected to eachother - axon produces neurotransmitters that cross this gap(synapse) and are detected by receptors on a neighboring dendrite - within a neuron, the electrical signal ( action potential) moves along an axon due to differences in sodium and potassium ion concentration