evolution and classification

Question 1

molecular clock

Answer 1

using genetic sequence data to figure out what mutations occurred over time

Question 2

All living things should have these Characteristics of life:

Answer 2

homeostasis, response to stimuli in enviornment, reproduction, metabolism, growth, evolution, composed of biomolecules, nucleic acids, cell structure

Question 3

viruses have

Answer 3

reproduction, evolution, nucleic acids, responds to stimuli in environment, composed of biomolecules, have genes

Question 4

Transcription in cells

Answer 4

process of taking dna sequence and going from Dna to Mrna (messenger rna) to do this process you need rna primer

Question 5

Translation:

Answer 5

process of going from Mrna to protein to do this you need a ribosome and trna and rna and a protein

Question 6

Rna world

Answer 6

original life was rna based

Question 7

Origins of viruses

Answer 7

-Some appear to be from rna world based on really ancient rna sequences
-Some viruses are escaped transcripts from cells
-Some are highly simplified cells

Question 8

genome

Answer 8

main genetic

Question 9

Dna shape

Answer 9

double helix so if dna gets damaged there’s another strand that could maybe not be

Question 10

Rna shape

Answer 10

coil so if rna gets damaged there’s only one strand

Question 11

Importance of viruses

Answer 11

-Viruses are parasitic and use host cells to reproduce
- some viruses may take host membrane with them for disguise
- Some viruses leave their genetic material in the host’s genome

Question 12

Bacteria vs viruses

Answer 12

-Bacteria has one distinct origin and can be placed on the tree of life (branches that stick off independently from each other)

Question 13

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 13

-Plasmid dna can be exchanged between different bacterial cells
- Can have genes for antibiotic resistance or various metabolic reactions

Question 14

cell wall is made of

Answer 14

peptidoglycan

Question 15

gram negative can be more medically dangerous

Answer 15

-Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) trigger inflammation and are toxic
-Outer membrane can block antibiotics
-Antibiotics: only effective against bacteria since they target peptidoglycan walls or bacterial ribosomes

Question 16

Cyanobacteria

Answer 16

-originators of photosynthesis
-Form some of the oldest known fossils (stromatolites)
-Added a lot of oxygen to the early atmosphere (probably killing off other oxygen intolerant organisms)

Question 17

Nitrogen

Answer 17

fixing bacteria: split nitrogen atoms from N2 gas and build them into organic molecules like ammonia that other organisms can use
– Plants like beans or other legumes have these bacteria in their roots

Question 18

Alpha Proteobacteria

Answer 18

Some of these evolved aerobic respiration to protect themselves from oxygen damage

Question 19

Domain Archaea

Answer 19

somewhat intermediate between bacteria and eukarya in cell structure
Genetically, a distinct domain of life

Question 20

Domain Eukarya

Answer 20

includes animals, plants, fungi and “ protists” (often single celled eukaryotes that don’t fit in the other kingdoms)

Question 21

Characteristics of eukaryotes:

Answer 21

-Membrane-bound organelles and nucleus
-Mitochondria
-Linear chromosomes

Question 22

Endosymbiosis

Answer 22

origin of eukaryotes (main cell was probably archaea, and then bacteria became mitochondria and chloroplasts of these cells.

Question 23

Evidence

Answer 23

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts have loop dna very similar to alpha bacteria and cyanobacteria
  Have bacteria- like ribosomes
  Have inner membranes more similar to bacteria

Question 24

Natural history

Answer 24

study of species, their diversity, distributions, or how they change over time.

Question 25

Natural history collection information

Answer 25

measurements of specimens places and dates collections

Question 26

genetic information

Answer 26

useful for de-extinction

Question 27

taxonomy

Answer 27

study of how to name and describe species

Question 28

linnaeus contributions

Answer 28

1) scientific name: Genus and species (ex. Homo sapiens)
2) categorical classification system:
- phylum
- class
- order
- family
- genus
- species

Question 29

linnaeus system relies entirely on ______ similarities

Answer 29

metaphorical (physical)

Question 30

mutation

Answer 30

letter change in Dna or Rna

Question 31

clade

Answer 31

a group comprising an ancestral lineage and all it’s descendants lineages

Question 32

monophyletic group

Answer 32

a “good” taxonomic group
- includes ancestor and all species that descend from it

Question 33

homologous trait

Answer 33

similarity that two species share in common where it’d come from a common ancestor

Question 34

analogous trait

Answer 34

similarity in 2 species due to adaption to similar environment ( convergent thinking)

Question 35

fossilization

Answer 35

many fossils are formed when organisms are covered by sediment in water
- Leaves impressions of hard parts in sedimentary rock

Question 36

to make a fossil you can use

Answer 36

freezing, amber, ice and tarr to store fossils and coal deposits

Question 37

dating fossils ( Stratigraphy)

Answer 37

relative dates from positions of fossils with rock layers ( younger closer to surface)

Question 38

protists

Answer 38

eukaryotes that don’t fit into the plant, fungi, or animal kingdoms

Question 39

Protists ecological grades

Answer 39

Algae- photosynthetic,
Flagellates: use flagellum to swing
Amoebas: slow-moving, can change cell shape
Symbionts: live in close association with other species ( often as parasites)

Question 40

population

Answer 40

group of organisms

Question 41

Lamarckian evolution

Answer 41

involves use and disuse of parts and inheritance of acquired traits
- may apply to things like horizontal gene transfer and epigenetics

Question 42

epigenetics

Answer 42

how genes are turned on or off

Question 43

Natural Selection

Answer 43

organisms adapt to their environments
-Organisms that are better adapted survive better and produce more offspring
-Fitness: how well an organism survives and reproduces

Question 44

Social Darwinism (Later eugenics)

Answer 44

A misunderstanding of natural selection as a justification to favor certain groups of people over others

Question 45

fungae

Answer 45

have no chloroplast but mitochondria like animals

Question 46

plants use mitochondria in cells and use _______ to burn carbohydrates

Answer 46

aerobic respiration