Biology Flashcards 5 - Genetic screening, Pregnancy, selective breeding, genetic engineering, adaptations, carbon cycle, biodiversity, enzymes, blood

Question 1

What are alleles?
What are the two types?

Answer 1

Different version of the same gene.
Alleles can be dominant and recessive.

Question 2

What is the purpose of genetic screening?

Answer 2

It provides valuable information about an individual person’s genetic makeup, helping in early detection, reproductive planning, personalised medicine, and public health interventions.

Question 3

What are the three traits or diseases that can be tested for?

Answer 3

• Alzheimer’s
• Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer
• Cystic fibrosis

Question 4

What is Amniocentesis?

Answer 4

It is carried out at around 15-16 weeks of pregnancy. It invovles taking some of the fluid from around the developing fetus. This fluid contains fetal cells, which are used for genetic screening.

Question 5

What is the risk of screening embryos?

Answer 5

Risk of a miscarriage

Question 6

What is chorionic villus sampling?

Answer 6

This is done between 10+12 weeks of pregnancy by taking a small sample of tissue from the developing placenta. This again provides fetal cells to screen.

Question 7

What is meant by nature in evolution?

Answer 7

People inherit characteristics from both of their parents and each person gets a different combination of features. This is called genetic variation.

Question 8

What is meant by nurture in terms of evolution?

Answer 8

Other characteristics are affected entirely by a person’s environment. This is called environmental variation

Question 9

What is selective breeding?

Answer 9

Selective breeding is a process where humans breed plants and animals for desired characteristics

Question 10

What are the limitations of selective breeding (Two)

Answer 10

• Reduces the number of genes in a population
• Reduced alleles within a population

Question 11

What is genetic engineering?

Answer 11

Introducing a gene from one organism into the genome of another organism to introduce desirable characteristics.

Question 12

What is the genetic engineering process? (Eight steps)

Answer 12

• Human cells contain a gene for making insulin
• Bacteria cells contain a ring of portable DNA called a plasmid
• Extract DNA from some human cells
• Use an enzyme to cut the insulin gene out of the DNA
• Use the enzyme to cut the bacteria DNA plasmid
• Use a different enzyme, stick the human insulin gene into the bacteria plasmid
• The plasmid holding the insulin gene is put into bacteria
• The bacteria reproduce and start to make insulin

Question 13

Who started classification?

Answer 13

Carl Linneaus

Question 14

How did Carl Linneaus classify organisms? (Seven)

Answer 14

He grouped organisms depending on their physical appearance and characteristics:
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 15

What are the three domains called

Answer 15

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

Question 16

What can light intensity do to living organisms? (Two)

Answer 16

• Light is needed for photosynthesis and affects the distribution of plants + animals
• Plant adaptations for growing in low light intensifies = more chlorophyll + bigger leaves

Question 17

What is temperature needed for for living organisms? How can low temperatures impact creatures? (Two)

Answer 17

• Temperature is needed for photosynthesis
• Low temperatures = small plants affecting the number of herbivores which affects the number of carnivores

Question 18

What is a quadrat used for?

Answer 18

To measure the number of an organism in a given area

Question 19

What is a line transect?

Answer 19

They are a line between 2 areas marked with a long measuring tape along which quadrat sampling occurs at regular intervals

Question 20

What adaptations do polar bears have to survive? (Four)

Answer 20

• Small ears to reduce heat loss
• Layer of blubber and thick fur for insulation
• Greasy waterproof coat
• White fur - camouflage

Question 21

What adaptations do camels have to survive? (Three)

Answer 21

• Large flat feet to spread their weight
• Low breathing = less water loss from respiration
• Slit-like eyes and nostrils to keep the sand out

Question 22

What are the adaptations of cacti? (Three)

Answer 22

• Cacti have spines instead of leaves to reduce water loss
• Thick waxy cuticle
• Water storage tissue, thick stem to store water

Question 23

Go through the carbon cycle (Seven)

Answer 23

1). CO2 is taken in by plants for photosynthesis
2). Plants release CO2 through respiration
3). The carbon taken in by plants is then eaten by animals
4). Animals release CO2 through respiration
5). Animals die and their remains are fed on by microbes
6). Decay-microbes release CO2 through respiration
7). Combustion releases CO2

Question 24

What is Biodiversity?

Answer 24

Biodiversity is all the different types of life in one specific area

Question 25

Why is biodiversity important?

Answer 25

It is important because it supports all of the essential processes for every living thing on Earth. Without this range of species we cannot have the healthy ecosystems that we rely on food.

Question 26

What are the three ways to speed up diffusion?

Answer 26

• Temperature: As the temperature increases, the particles in a gas or solution more around more quickly
• Surface area - folding the membrane of a cell increases the area over which diffusion can take place e.g. alveoli, villi
• Concentration gradient: When there is a steep big concentration gradient the rate is quicker

Question 27

What does ‘specialised cell’ mean?
How is a root hair cell adapted to its function

Answer 27

• They are designed to carry out a particular role in the body

Root hair cells
- They have a large surface area which speeds up the movement of water to the plant
- They have a permanent vacuole which speeds up the rate of osmosis
- They have mitochondria which transfer energy

Question 28

What happens to animal and plant cells in these solutions?
1). Hypotomic solution
2). Isotonic solution
3). Hypertonic solution

Answer 28

Animal cells
1). Bursts
2). Normal
3). Shriveled

Plant cells:
1). Normal
2). No change (flaccid)
3). Plasmolised

Question 29

What do you do to mm to get to micrometer?
What do you do to micrometer to get to nanometer?

Answer 29

divide by 1000
divide by 1000

Question 30

What are 2 factors that affect the rate of enzyme action?

What are enzymes made of?

Can you kill enzymes?

Answer 30

• Temperature and pH
• Long chains of amino acids to create a protein
• No, because they are not living

Question 31

What are the enzymes that break down these:
1). Proteins
2). Carbohydrates
3). Lipids

Answer 31

1). Protease
2). Carbohydrase
3). Lipase

Question 32

What are examples of:
1). Protease
2). Carbohydrase
3). Lipase

Where are these found?

Answer 32

1). Pepsin
2). Amylase
3). Lipase

1). Stomach, pancreas, small intestine
2). Mouth, pancreas, small intestine
3). Pancreas, small intestine

Question 33

Where is bile stored?
What does bile do?
What produces bile?

Answer 33

• Gallbladder
• It is an alkaline to neutralise the hydrochloric acid from the stomach
  & breaks down large drops of fat into smaller ones, this is known as emulsification
• The liver

Question 34

What do platelets do?
What do red blood cells do?
What do white blood cells do?

Answer 34

• They clot blood and stops you getting an infection when you cut yourself.
• They carry oxygen around the body (to the tissues)
• Fight and kill bacteria

Question 35

What are the adaptations of:
1). Platelets (Two)
2). Red blood cells (Three)
3). White blood cells (Three)

Answer 35

Platelets:
- No nucleus
- Small fragments of cells

Red blood cells:
- No nucleus
- Bioconcave disc
- Contain haemoglobin - binds to oxygen
- Has a big surface area

White blood cells:
- Contains a nucleus
- Produces antibodies + antitoxins
- Engulf pathogen (bacteria)

Question 36

What does Plasma do?
What are its adaptations? (One)

Answer 36

Transports:
- Glucose, amino acids
- Hormones, proteins
- Urea

Makes the blood watery so it can flow