Biology Freshman Finals 2 Flashcards
Finals (92 cards)
1
Q
Where are chromosomes found?
A
Nucleus
2
Q
What 2 things make up chromosomes?
A
Identical sister chromatids
3
Q
What holds chromatids together?
A
centromere
4
Q
23 pairs of chromosomes is humans =
A
46 chromosomes
5
Q
What are the 2 types of cells in the body?
A
Diploid + Haploid
6
Q
Diploid-
A
cells that have both sets, body cells
7
Q
Haploid-
A
cells that have only 1 set(half), sex cells> gametes
8
Q
Interphase parts
A
G1, S, G2
9
Q
Mitosis
A
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
10
Q
Cytokinesis
A
division of cells
11
Q
Meiosis
A
reproduction
12
Q
Genes are…
A
pieces of DNA located on chromosomes, which control traits
13
Q
Genotype determines…
A
Phenotype
14
Q
Genotype-
A
combos of alleles, AA Aa aa
15
Q
Phenotype-
A
physical traits
16
Q
Chromosomes come in matching sets called…
A
homologous pairs
17
Q
Independent assortment-
A
different genes independently seperate from one another during meiosis, the pairs of homologous chromosomes are divided in half to form haploid cells, this is random
18
Q
What is Gregor Mendel’s model system?
A
Pea plants
19
Q
true breeding-
A
DD + dd homozygous
20
Q
Hybrid breeding
A
Dd heterozygous
21
Q
How are genes pasted down?
A
through one generation to the next
22
Q
GG + gg =
A
Gg
23
Q
GG + GG =
A
GG
24
Q
gg + gg =
A
gg
25
Gg + Gg =
GG, Gg, gg
26
Probability-
the likelihood an event will occur
27
Organisms can share the same phenotype but have...
different genotypes
28
homozygous-
2 identical alleles for genes
29
heterozygous-
2 different alleles for genes
30
incomplete dominance-
when alleles are neither dominant nor recessive (mix) red + white = pink
31
codominance-
when both phenotypes are expressed (both) Black + White = black and white
32
multiple alleles-
when many genes exist in more than 2 forms
33
polygenic genes
many traits are produced by the interaction of several genes, wide variety of phenotypes
34
Genes + environment
environmental conditions can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits
35
The double helix contains nitrogen bases which are...
Adenine + Thymine (apple tree)
Guanine + Cytosine (car garage)
36
what is the shape of a DNA strand?
double helix
37
what does DNA stand for?
Deoxyriboenucleicacid
38
Who established the structure of DNA?
Watson + Crick
39
What do genes code for?
proteins
40
When does replication occur in meiosis?
Interphase S
41
What are the outsides of the double helix made of?
sugar + phosphate
42
mRNA-
messenger RNA
43
tRNA-
transfer RNA
44
RNA-
ribonucleic acid
45
transcription-
process where RNA is made from DNA
46
translation-
process where proteins are made from RNA
47
Where does cancer start?
interphase
48
What is cancer?
uncontrolled dividing cells form a tumor, disorder of the cell cycle
49
what are the 2 types of tumors?
benign + malignant
50
Benign-
tumor stops growing
51
malignant-
tumor continues to grow, cancerous
52
when a mutation occurs in the genes it can lead to...
cancer
53
onocogene-
normal gene that mutates into a dominant gene that disrupts the cell cycle
54
tumor suppressor gene-
(TSG) a gene that helps prevent tumors from forming.
55
Why do cells divide?
1.body cells divide as you grow
2. when you need to repair tissue
3. to replace worn out cells
56
Why do errors occur in interphase?
Carcinogens
57
carcinogen examples-
smoking, UV radiation, some pesticides, and asbestos
58
Can viruses cause cancer? What can stop this?
Yes, some can. Vaccines.
59
What are HeLa cells?
immortale cell line from Henrietta Lacks, who died of cervical cancer
60
What is an onocologist?
medical practitioner who treats cancer
61
how is cancer diagnosed?
biopsy
62
what is a biopsy?
the removal of suspicious tissue in the body
63
what are the 3 treatments for cancer?
chemotherapy, radiation, and tissue removal
64
chemotherapy-
use of drugs to stop the replication of DNA> can result in hair loss due to healthy cells being damaged
65
radiation treatment-
targets the tumor directly and destroys the cells, but also healthy cells
66
tissue removal-
biopsy, remove tissue that is cancerous, amputation
67
domain-
Largest taxonomic group. Includes Eukarya (all eukaryotic organisms), Bacteria (eubacteria), and Archaea (archaebacteria)
68
prokaryote-
Organisms with cells that lack membrane-enclosed organelles. Includes Bacteria and Archaea
69
eukaryote-
Organism with cells that have membrane-enclosed organelles, like nuclei. Includes plants, animals, fungi, and protists.
70
Peptidoglycan-
Complex cell wall material containing protein and carbohydrate found in eubacteria.
71
Cellulose-
Cell wall material of plants. A polymer of glucose.
72
Chitin-
Cell wall material of fungi. Also, carbohydrate making the shell of arthropods (insects, crustaceans, etc.)
73
Chloroplast-
Photosynthetic organelle found in plants and green algae.
74
Unicellular-
Single-celled organisms
75
Multicellular-
Organisms with many cells.
76
Autotroph-
Self-feeding organisms. Include plants, algae, some protists, some bacteria.
77
Heterotroph-
Organisms that feed on other organisms. Include animals, fungi, some protists, some bacteria.
78
taxonomy-
the science of classifying organisms
79
Who was the creator of the classifying system?
Carolus Linnaeus
80
how many kingdoms were there originally?
2; plant and animal
81
scientific naming system is called...
binomial nomenclature
82
how are scientific names determined?
Genus + species
83
species-
an organism that can be interbreed with one another, and produce fertile offspring
84
hybrid-
two organisms of different species interbreed, offspring are HYBRID
EX-liger, mules, zonkey, grolar bear, beefalo, and geep
85
Dopey Kings Play Chess On Fine Green Stools stands for?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
86
taxonomy in order-
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
87
Who took the first X-ray of the double helix?
Rosalind Franklin
88
What are kingdoms based on?
1. # of cells
2. how obtain energy
3. type of cell
89
clade-
a group that includes a single common ancestor and all it descendents
90
cladogram-
a diagram that shows clades and how they are linked by shared traits
91
phylogeny-
the study of evolutionary relationships
92
derived character-
a trait that arose in a common ancestor that all its descendants share
