Biology, Health, and Disease Flashcards

Question

Outline calories

Answer 1

- calorie is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of exactly one gram of water by one degree Celsius at one atmospheric pressure - not all calories equal- e.g. milk has most of energy in form of lactose, whereas Jerusalem artichoke has most in form of inulin (largely indigestible by humans)- different values despite having similar calories per 100g (66/73)

Answer 2

Pontzer, 2015: - suggests TEE composed of baseline running cost for non-physical activity expenditure (BMR-fixed), and any additional costs depending on physical activity

Answer 3

The Hadza/Hadzabe (Raichlen et al, 2016): population ~1,200 people, ~300 still primarily foragers * Northern Tanzania, S of Lake Eyasi * Serengeti plateau (and Olduvai gorge) to the north * Language isolate * Encroachment from pastoralists (and tourism) * Interest in their lives motivated (rightly or wrongly) by assumption of savannah foraging as the key environment in human evolutionary history

Answer 4

248-90 min/day across different populations- highest Bayaka men, lowest Tismane women (Pontzer et al, 2018) - WHO recommendations 150/week

Answer 5

- Racihlen et al (2016) - men 114, women 150 min/day exercise - Wood et al, 2021- men 10-20,000 steps per dat, women >10,000- higher Han average smartphone users across 11,000 countries

Answer 6

Pontzer et al (2012)- compared total energy expenditure (kCal/day) across (USA), hunter-gatherer (Hadza, Tanzania), and farming (Bolivia) populations using doubly labelled water - Physical activity significantly higher in the hunter-gather and farming populations than the Western one - Overall, higher fat free mass = higher TEE - no difference between populations in this relationship- average daily energy expenditure of traditional Hadza foragers was no different than that of Westerners after controlling for body size- higher physical activity didn't result in higher TEE for hunter-gatheres/farmers - similar results in adults in Ghana, South Africa, Seychelles, Jamaica, and USA- increase from inactive to moderately active, but then flatlines- not linear like additive model would suggests- only possible if BMR dynamics,ically responds (Pontzer et al, 206)

Answer 7

Constrained model (Pontxer et al, 2015): - There is an upper limit to TEE - non-physical activity energy expenditure responds dynamically to physical activity - metabolic trade-offs- humans adapt dynamically to changes in daily physical activity, maintaining total energy expenditure within a narrow range - Chronic exercise thus suppresses other physiological activity, including immunity, reproduction, and stress response - exercise-induced downregulation improves health at moderate levels of physical activity but can be detrimental at extreme workloads

Answer 8

wells, 2010: - Starvation and how to treat it as a major concern towards end of WWII- 6 young men; conscientious objectors - Halving of dietary intake for 6 months, tightly controlled (~3000 kcal - ~1500 kcal/day) - 24% decrease in body mass - Controlled and then ad libitum refeeding - Monitoring of weight, body composition, physiological performance - unrestricted food intake caused overshoot in fat mass (weight returned but most of gain it fat mass)- may be result of appetite dysregulation and metabolic changes

Answer 9

Pontzer et al (2016): - 400 more than chimpanzees, 635 than gorillas, 820 than bonobos - reasons- energetic demands of human life history, expensive tissue hypothesis, changing energetic costs and benefits of human subsistence

Answer 10

- part of reproductive strategy- high investment in offpspring- Dunsworth et al, 2012 - birth stacking- Pavard et al, 2019

Answer 11

- brain- expensive- 20% BMR to brain but only makes up 2% of weight (Aiello & Wheeler, 1995)

Answer 12

Kraft et al, 2021: - elevated energy capture - shift from great ape foraging to hunter-gathering, and then adoption of subsistence farming during Neolithic revolution- involved changes in behaviour and technology to access novel food resources - meant humans paid higher energiy costs to acquire more calories in less time- minimises time costs but not energy costs- improved return Raes but efficiency similar to that of other great apes

Answer 13

- primates- ranges 1g-1400g; apes- 275-750g- no overlap with other groups - great apes 400-700 cm3 capacity; humans 1100-1700cm3 (Dean, 2014) - human brain larger at birth than any other primates, smaller at birth in relation to adult brain size than any other primate (Neuubauer et al, 2012)

Answer 14

Kuzawa et al, 2014: Estimated proportion of BMR dedicated to the brain: * ~50% at birth * ~20% in adulthood (vs. 8-10% non- human primates; 3-5% non-primate mammals) - however, not most energetically menacing by weight- similar energetic demanding level as liver (Wang, 2010)

Answer 15

Dufour et al (2002): - Human gestation length is (relative to our body size) typical for primates - However human are babies are much larger relative to adult body size than is typical for primates

Answer 16

Dufour et al (2002: - capital gains- increased issue mass, fetus and associated tissues, maternal tissue hyperplasia, maternal fat gain - sunning costs- increased BMR, increased cost of physical activity - eating changes- only increased demand of 277kcal/day - however, 277kcal/day is difficult to detect without a very large sample - Reduced physical activity could make up for the difference: additional intake not necessarily required

Answer 17

Dufour et al, 2002: * Lactation (during the period of exclusive breastfeeding) is more energetically demanding per day than pregnancy * Duration of lactation may be greater than duration of gestation * Costs, as estimated for the first 3 months by Dewey (1997): ~750g/day, 0.67kcal/gram = ~ 500kcal/day- almost twice as demanding per day as pregnancy ~25% increase in energy expenditure - assumption that this additional energy expenditure is paid for partly by the catabolism of fat stores set down during pregnancy - ‘maternal fat gain’ component of the estimated costs of pregnancy were ~40% of the pregnancy estimate - Without these advanced costs of lactation, pregnancy is <200kcal/day

Answer 18

Physiological- López-Otín et al (2013)- characterized by a progressive loss of physiological integrity, leading to impaired function and increased vulnerability to death Evolutionary- Ackermann and Pletcher (2003)- decline in condition with increasing age that manifests itself as a reduction in the rate of survival and fecundity Aging and senescence used synonymously, though aging could be more broadly defined as a simple chronological increase in age

Answer 19

Ackemann & Pletcher, 2008: - age specific mortality- early spike (infant mortality) - exponential increase with age after (10 fold between 20 and 6) - chnace of death doubles every 7-8 years after 35 yrs - fertility rate falls post 35 Austad & Finch, 2010- age related increase in mortality is substantial- If humans did not age and could preserve their pristine physiological peak (typically near the age of puberty) then life expectancy in the US in 2000 would have been ~5,000 years

Answer 20

- humans have longer lifespan than other primates (Zimmerman et al, 2015)- particular increase in post-reproductive lifespan - the extreme- Jeanne Calment- dies 1997 aged 122- role of exercise

Answer 21

- 29 years average in 1800, 46 in 1950, 21 in 2015 - large inequality globally - shortest today higher than previous highest - often drive by infant mortality- e.g. even if average 20, many may live longer but high infant mortality pulls average down - UK will likely plague,less than 2012 based predictions, but considerably higher than 1970s based predictions (ONS) - Hobbesian view- short life- harsh conditions old age proiveledge of few (Ackermann & Pletcher, 2008)

Answer 22

Kaplan et al, 2007: - large variation between HG communities - 50% born still alive art 40 - similar to trends seen in early-modern Europe - modal age at death 71-78 e.g. Hiwi, !Kung (US 85)- living two 7-s robust feature of species (not just artefact of modern medicine etc (given survival to 15 yrs)

Answer 23

* Among foragers, mortality is stable & fairly low (1-2% annually) from maturity to age 40 years * After 40, mortality rates increase exponentially with doubling time of 6-9 years * Post-reproductive longevity is a robust feature of H. sapiens

Answer 24

Kirkwood et al, 2000: (1) Mutation accumulation (2) Antagonistic pleiotropy (3) ‘Disposable soma’ theory

Answer 25

- harmful mutations that occur past the reproductive age will not be affected by natural selection - those before reproduction will not be passed on as to reproduced - selection shadow- accumulation of deleterious mutation that happen at later age e.g. Huntingtons disease has effect in late 40s when already reproduced - Ageing does not have a function; it exists because it is ignored by natural selection

Answer 26

- Pleiotropy: when a gene has two or more separate effects - Antagonistic pleiotropy: when those effects work against each other or where one effect is beneficial and the other harmful. - Williams (1957): senescence could be driven by genes that are beneficial in early life but lead to senescence in later life - Scrable et al, 1957- Tumor protein P53: suppresses cancer but also suppresses stem cell function, impairing cellular maintenance - suggests aging is inevitable consequence of later life being ignored by natural selection

Answer 27

- senescence is a consequence of investment in reproduction rather than maintenance - Genes-eye view: selection acts on genes that survive, not on individuals that survive. Reproduction > somatic maintenance. - Dawkins (The Selfish Gene): survival machines – robot vehicles blindly programmed to preserve the selfish molecules known as genes

Answer 28

ageing does not have a function; it exists either because it is ignored by natural selection or is the cost of something beneficial to fitness earlier in life

Answer 29

- refers to period after which reproduction is physiologically possible (rather than actual reproduction) - Menopause: cessation of menstrual periods (clinically: 12 months without a menstrual period) - mean menopause age in UK is 51 (range typically 44-55) - often preceded by irregularity I periods leading to menopause - proximately caused by decline in oestrogen and progesterone production by the ovaries

Answer 30

Non-adaptive hypotheses: - physiological trade off - selective shadow - by-product of increased longevity Adaptive hypotheses: * The mother hypothesis * The grandmother hypothesis * Reproductive conflict model

Answer 31

- extension of the disposable soma hypothesis (consequence of investment in reproduction rather than maintenance- selection acts on genes not individuals) - Selection for ‘front-loaded’ fertility - across populations, fertility declines significantly between 40-50- supports

Answer 32

- later in life so not affected by natural selection - ISSUE- Doesn’t explain why reproductive senescence occurs before other functions

Answer 33

- assumes long post-reproductive lives are evolutionarily novel - not the case for foragers, as shown earlier - Humans have enough oocytes to last 70 years

Answer 34

- menopause evolved to avoid higher reproductive mediated mortality risk in late-life and improve survival and outcomes of existing offspring - costs of continued reproduction to existing children - HOWEVER, lost benefits of reproduction in later life are not possible to observe

Answer 35

Lahdenperä et al (2011): - data from pre-industrial Finland and Canada - Maternal mortality increases with age (but not dramatically) - Child mortality risk is increased by maternal mortality (but only for the first 2-3 years of life)

Answer 36

Gurven & Kaplan, 2007: - kin selection model (the process by which a trait can be positively selected because it increases the fitness of genetic relatives, even if it decreases individual fitnes) - menopause is bad for individual fitness but could be selected because the post- reproductive women increases the fertility of their daughters - only works (in theory) because of the genetic relatedness between the post-reproductive grandmother and reproductive-age mother- reproducing by proxy- NS favours behaviour that improves fertility of children

Answer 37

Lahdenperä et al, (2004): - women with prolonged postreproductive lifespan have more grandchildren, and hence greater fitness, in pre-modern populations of both Finns and Canadians - arises because post-reproductive mothers enhance the lifetime reproductive success of their offspring by allowing them to breed earlier, more frequently and more successfully - fitness benefits of prolonged lifespan diminish as the reproductive output of offspring declines- in female humans, selection for deferred ageing should wane when one’s own offspring become post-reproductive and, correspondingly, we show that rates of female mortality accelerate as their offspring terminate reproduction

Answer 38

- unable to determine whether grandmother increases fertility of daughter and survival off offspring, or whether the sae things increasing teh longevity of the grandmother also improve the survival of the of the grandchildren (e.g. health/wealth/genetic effects) Counter-evidence: - Sear and Mace (2000)- Rural Gambia- controlled for these effects (height/weight/wealth etc)- 25 year longitudinal, N>2000- found that children living with maternal grandmothers had higher survival and were better nourished - stronger evidence as looked at co-residtence with grandmother (not just them being alive), and provided a plausible proximate explanation- nutritional status - Sear & Mace (2008)- meta analysis- Broad (though not universal) positive effect of MGM and PGM on child outcomes, more mixed effects for father, MGF, and PGF, positive effects of older siblings

Answer 39

Cant & Rufus, 2008: - assumption of a patrilocal context (where men stay and women disperse) - older women will be genetically related to their son’s wives children, but younger women won’t be genetically related to their husband’s mother’s children - low reproductive overlap in humans- mother cares about daughter in laws children- genetic stake in fitness of incoming women - In the event of competition for resources, older females will sooner ‘give way’ to the younger females as still get genetic benefit - competition (as well as cooperation) could play a role in selection for early menopause - not mutually exclusive to M or GM hypotheses - problem- most contemporary hunter-gatherers are bilocal, not patrilocal

Answer 40

Wood et al, 2023: - Ngogo community of Kibale National Park, Uganda. - Post-reproductive representation was 0.195- indicating that a female who reached adulthood could expect to live about one-fifth of her adult life in a post-reproductive state (around half as long as human hunter- gatherers) - Post-reproductive females exhibited hormonal signatures of menopause, including sharply increasing gonadotropins after age 50 - mother hypothesis unchanged, grandmother hypothesis conflicts (as model assumes grandmothers help- don't in chimpanzees), supports reproductive conflict model (as assumes female dispersal, which is seen in chimpanzees)

Answer 41

- invading organisms/agents that cause diseas - paraistes (e.g. tapeworm), protozo (e.g. Malaria), Fungi (e.g. athletes foot), prokaryote (e.g. Leprosy), Virus (e.g. AIDS), Prion (e.g. CJD)

Answer 42

- rapid decline in mortality caused by them un western world in 20th century - now, more non-communicable-70% of deaths in 2019 (WHO)

Answer 43

* Throughout evolution, disease has exerted selective pressures on human populations * In turn, human responses to disease have promoted evolutionary changes in pathogens - means need to compete with pathogens to maintain position- no absolute increase - Pathogen alleles that evade defences of larger proportion of hosts do better Host alleles that evade attacks of larger proportion of pathogens do better -negative frequency dependent selection

Answer 44

Zoonoses- transmission from non-human animal to humans

Answer 45

Wolfe et al, 2007: Stage 1: - A microbe that is present in animals but that has not been detected in humans under natural conditions - e.g. most malarial plasmodia- largely specific to 1 host species Stage 2: - A pathogen of animals that, under natural conditions, has been transmitted from animals to humans (‘primary infection’) but has not been transmitted between humans (‘secondary infection’) - e.g. anthrax, rabies Stage 3: - Animal pathogens that can undergo only a few cycles of secondary transmission between humans, so that occasional human outbreaks triggered by a primary infection soon die out - e.g. Ebola, monkeypox Stage 4: - A disease that exists in animals, but that also undergoes long sequences of secondary transmission between humans - e.g. cholera, influenza A Stage 5: - A pathogen exclusive to humans - e.g. meals, mumps, rubella, syphillis, agents causing falciparum malaria, smallpox

Answer 46

Changes to chances of the initial zoonotic infection, and changes that increase potential for human-human transmission - note- may also be transmission from humans to animas

Answer 47

- approach to public health that recognises that human health cannot be considered in isolation from the health of our environment or the wild and domesticated animals around us - Developed in response to the increased threat of novel zoonotic disease

Answer 48

- leads to the emergence of new “crowd diseases” that couldn’t have been be sustained in small and low-density populations - Grenfell & Booker (1998)- meals requires population 300,000+ to maintain transmission

Answer 49

- population increase - sedentism - domesticated animal contact Effect may be exacerbated in those populations by limited diets and nutritional deficiencies

Answer 50

- increased parasitic diseases spread through contact with human waste - Page et al (2015)- Agta foraggers/farmers in Phillipines- People residing in camps with permanent and semipermanent houses had significantly higher eosinophil concentrations than individuals residing in temporary camps- indicative of extreme helminth infestations and found only in sedentarised camps

Answer 51

- Frequent contact with domesticated animals who themselves are crowded - Harper and Armelagos (2013)- estimated that domesticated and peri-domesticated animals are the source of at least 184 different zoonotic diseases

Answer 52

Sprent (1969): - heirloom- infected anthropoid ancestors- e.g. lice, leprosy, whooping cough, tapeworms, human pappilomavorus - souvenir- acquired more recently in human history- e.g. rotavirus A, measles, hepatitis C, dysentery, malaria, HIV1

Answer 53

Smith et al, 2009: - -genomic evidence for human pathogen evolution- suggests story not simple- e.g. Tuberculosis- similar to bovine TN- initially assumed to be be product of cattle to human transmission- but genomic evidence now suggests was more likely a human to non-human transmission

Answer 54

Read et al (2004): - Human and chimpanzee body lice diverged around 5-6mya - Human head lice (Pediculus humanus) are composed of two ancient lineages- one had population bottleneck 100,000 years ago, along with humans- other lineage had no bottleneck - 2 liniafes diverged over 1mya (before humans appeared) - ancient divergence- suggests split between homo species and subsequent host switch from archaic to modern humans (requiring direct physical context)- may be that caught lice of neanderthals

Answer 55

Crellen et al (2016): - Schistosoma mansoni- parasitic fluke that infects millions of people - Similar to Schistosoma rodhaini, which infects rodents - Zoonotic jump to humans with exploitation of aquatic environments 100-200kya? - Spread across Africa during the Holocene (last ~10ky) - Spread to the New World via Atlantic slave trade

Answer 56

- retrovirus- infects a host cell cytoplasm with viral RNA and reverse transcriptase- produces double-stranded DNA which gets integrated into the host’s nuclear DNA- gets transcribed into viral RNA- some gets translated into virus proteins- reconstructed into new viruses - largely sexually transmitted, but can be through blood (needle sharing e.g.), and may occur mother --> infancy during pregnancy, childbirth or breastfeeding

Answer 57

* HIV infects cells in the human immune system that have a particular receptor protein (CD4) on their surface inc. some T helper cells (that signal pathogens) and macrophages (that engulf and destroy pathogens). * Leads to progressive failure of the immune system (AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) that open the door to opportunistic infections and cancers. * Antiretroviral drugs successful in managing infection by keeping viral load low. Also reducing probability of transmission * Without medication, HIV advances to AIDS in ~10years. *2022- 39 million people living with HIV, of which ~30million accessing antiretroviral drugs

Answer 58

* High mutation rate, short lifecycle (retroviruses particularly susceptible to copying errors) * Infection by multiple strains * Attack the immune cells themselves * Viral reservoir and latency: never cured. Viral DNA hides in host DNA as ‘provirus’ → chronic low-grade inflammation * No natural recovery (unlike e.g. smallpox, chicken pox) – lack of natural immunity to use as model * Lack of biomarkers/correlates of effective immunity * Lack of animal models predicting vaccine efficacy in humans

Answer 59

Gupta et al, 2019: * CCR5-Δ32 mutation * Affects expression of receptors onto which HIV binds on CD4 cells * Bone marrow transplant to the “Berlin patient” in 1998 from CCR5- Δ32 mutation carrier led to disappearance of virus * Similar for the “London patient” in 2016 (treated by Prof Ravindra Gupta) * Failed in subsequent 6 individuals (mutation?) * CCR5-Δ32 mutation found in 1% of Europeans, possibly gave resistance to smallpox/plague, gives HIV protection when homozygous- therefore not likely to be evolutionary repose to HIV

Answer 60

* >30 antiretrovirals available to treat HIV * Work on disrupting various phases of the viral life-cycle * Often given in combinations of 3 or more: highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) * now in a single combined daily pill * Successful: progression from HIV to AIDS rare with HAART * Similar treatment can be used as a pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)

Answer 61

- evolutionary theory predicts intensive antiretroviral treatment (ART) may reduce efficiency and select for higher HIV virulence - Possible support for this with HIV virulence increasing in Europe (Pantazis et al. 2014) and decreasing in Africa (Payne et al. 2014) - Antiretrovirals (ARVs) becoming increasingly ineffective: in Africa: failure rate up to 31% after 12 months and 38% beyond 48 months of treatment - Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): Meta-analysis suggests decreases risk of infection in high risk groups by 51% (but data variable and good adherence essential)

Answer 62

- disease that is not directly transmissible from one person to another - The leading cause of death globally (~7 of 10 deaths) - Includes heart disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes, dementia, chronic kidney disease, osteoarthritis etc - Risk factors: genetics, obesity, environment, lifestyle, diet, tobacco use

Answer 63

- Cardiovascular disease - diabetes - chronic respiratory disease - cancer

Answer 64

- group of diseases involving the heart/blood vessels - usually related to poor blood supply due to a diseased vascular supply - May lead to heart attack, stroke, heart failure - ~30% of deaths worldwide - >80% of CVD risk explained by physical inactivity, tobacco use and unhealthy diet

Answer 65

- Metabolic disorder: body unable to effectively regulate blood sugar levels because of either insufficient insulin production or insensitivity to it - Major risk factor for other NCDs

Answer 66

- Diseases of the lung (e.g. asthma, emphysema, respiratory allergies, occupational lung disease) - ~7% of deaths worldwide

Answer 67

- Rapid growth and division of abnormal cells in a part of the body - >100 types of cancer, each with different/differently predictive risk factors. - ~13% of deaths worldwide

Answer 68

Yi et al, 2020: - Poor diet - Physical inactivity - Tobacco - Alcohol

Answer 69

- disease caused by serious dietary vitamin C deficiency (humans cannot synthesise vitamin C- need to consume it in our diet) - Symptoms: gum disease, easy bleeding, low red blood cell count - Common among sailors in early modern era: estimated to have killed 2 million - Rare on land - Recognition in 18th century Royal Navy that scurvy was caused by the inavailability of fresh fruit and vegetable: a mismatch between what we need in our diets and what was available on long voyages - Recommendation of limes as part of ship rations

Answer 70

Williams and Nesse (1991): - idea that much of disease today is teh consequence of a mismatch between the environment in which we evolved, and the environment in which we now live - suggested human biology designed for Stone Age conditions- physical environment of evolutionary adaptiveness is probably that of Pleistocene savannah - human developmental system was selected to make optimum use of the range of dietary abundance under Stone Age conditions

Answer 71

Up to <10,000 years ago: - Hunter-gatherers - Low population density - Active - Mobile - Diet high in fibre, vegetables and tubers, lean meat, eggs (no dairy, processed grains etc.)

Answer 72

- Limited dietary variation, domesticates - Risk of resource failure - Increased fertility - Increased population density (greater infectious disease reservoir) - Living in close proximity with animals - Sedentary - Need for sanitation - Still relatively active - Increased opportunity for parasites, zoonoses, acute infections that need a reservoir

Answer 73

- Recurrent pandemics - Poor nutrition - Crowding - Poverty - Poor sanitation - Pollution

Answer 74

- Dietary excess - Inactivity - Longevity - Public health intervention - Treatment and prevention - Emerging infections

Answer 75

* Obesity as (partly) a product of dietary preferences that were adaptive in our evolutionary history but now, not (e.g. sugar preference) * Cardiovascular disease as (partly) a product of sedentary modern lifestyles * Autoimmune disease (e.g. multiple sclerosis) as a consequence of inappropriate reactions to the loss of ancestral microbiota and intestinal parasites * Breast cancer as a consequence of evolutionary novel fertility regimes and oral contraception

Answer 76

- Drug addition as a product of evolutionarily novel substances ‘hijacking’ otherwise adaptive reward mechanisms in the brain? - Williams & Nesse (1991)- not evolved to resist substances [such as opiates] that directly stimulate reward mechanisms in the brain - Alcohol not evolutionarily novel- most mammals will consume, especially frugivores eating overripe fruit → alcohol dehydrogenases as an adaptation to process dietary alcohol - Technology of distillation (first evidence ~1200 BC) produces alcohol at evolutionarily novel strengths: possible mismatch? - note- exposure to a toxin in evolutionary history does not necessarily mean adaptations exist to counter this

Answer 77

- The Agta - hunter-gatherers from the northern Philippines - activities include hunting, gathering, fishing, honey collecting Measured: - Lymphocytes: proxy for viral infection - Neutrophils: proxy for bacterial infection - Eosinophils: proxy for helminth infection

Answer 78

Page et al, 2016: * people in large camps with low out-of-camp mobility had a 2.8x higher chance of presenting with lymphocytosis than people residing in mobile camps * People residing in camps with permanent and semipermanent houses had significantly higher eosinophil concentrations than individuals residing in temporary camps * Severe eosinophilia is indicative of extreme helminth infestations and is found only in sedentarized camps * In contrast, people residing in sedentarized camps with some form of infrastructure (i.e., church or water pump) had lower odds (by 80%) of neutrophilia Sample form thsioe presented with eosinophilia: - All 30 samples tested positive for helminth ova - mean number of species detected- 1.6- included: roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides, 83.3%), hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale or Necator americanus; 46.7%), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura; 30%)

Answer 79

- Tsimane health and life and history project

Answer 80

Gurven et al, 2017: - Started in 2002 - Tsimane horticulturalists/foragers, Bolivia, N>5,000 Project aims to understand: - the bidirectional connections between life history and social behaviour in a high‐fertility, kin‐based context lacking amenities of modern urban life (e.g. sanitation, banks, electricity) - how a high pathogen burden influences health and well‐being during development and adulthood - how modernization shapes human life histories and sociality

Answer 81

Kaplan et al, 2017: - refers to build-up of fatty substances in the blood vessels supplying the heart, reducing blood flow - Causes coronary heart disease - Classic set of risk factors for a “Western Disease”: poor diet, inactivity, smoking- account for >90% of risk in USA - Measured by scoring coronary artery calcium (CAC) - Tsimane- lowest reported levels of coronary artery disease of any population recorded to date - suggests can be avoided in most people by having lifetime with very low LDL, low blood pressure, low glucose, normal body-mass index, no smoking, and plenty of physical activity

Answer 82

- coronary atherosclerosis - increasing blood pressure with age

Answer 83

Gruven et al, 2012: - Hypertension (high blood pressure) is major risk factor for most NCDs, especially cardiovascular and renal disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes mellitus - Typical pattern in is of age-related increase in blood pressure - measured blood pressure longitudinally on 2248 adults age ≥20 years (n=6468 observations over 8 years) - In England 31% men, 26% women (>140/90mmHg) - Among Tsimane, systolic, diastolic, and pulse blood pressure all increase with age but the age-related increase is substantially lower than rates found elsewhere

Answer 84

Pontzer et al, 2021: >> Fibre- H 90, UK 30g/d >> Protein- H150, UK50g/d < Fat-H50, UK80g/d == Carbohydrate- H340, UK 300g/d

Answer 85

Cordian et al, 2002 : - mean subsistence dependence upon gathered plant foods = 32% mean subsistence dependence upon animal foods = 68% - 13 studies average - 65% from animals

Answer 86

- Pontzer et al (2018)- More meat at high latitudes - Inuit (Alaska natives)- quintisential carnivores Generic adaptation to extreme diet: - Fumagalli et al. (2015): Greenland Inuit rich diet is rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ‘fish oil’ - signal of positive selection on a cluster of fatty acid desaturases that determine PUFA levels (FADS1-3)

Biology, Health, and Disease Flashcards

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