Biology (homemade) Flashcards
mastery (25 cards)
What is a cell?
The building block of all living things
What is a tissue?
A group of similar cells that work together to perform a function
What is an organ?
A group of different tissues that work together to perform a specific function
What is an organ system?
Multiple organs working together to perform a function
What is an organism?
Organ systems working together to form whole multi-cellular organsims
What is the purpose of the digestive system?
To break down larger molecules into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream
What are the parts of the digestive system?
Tongue, mouth, slaivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
What is the purpose of the tongue in digestion?
It manipulates food, mixes it with saliva, and forms it into a bolus for swallowing
What is the purpose of the mouth?
The mouth chews up food and mixes it with saliva, so that it can pass down the oesophagus
What is the purpose of the salivary glands?
It produces saliva, which helps break down food with enzymes and also lubricates it to help it pass down the oesophagus
What is the purpose of the oesophagus?
It transports swallowed food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions
What is the purpose of the stomach?
It breaks down food through a combination of mechanical (churning food) and chemical (mixing it with enzymes) digestion, storing it temporarily and preparing it for absorption in the small intestine
What is the purpose of the liver?
produces bile, which emulsifies fats and neutralises hydrochloric acid, and processes and purifies blood that carries nutrients from the small intestine.
What is the purpose of the gall bladder?
It stores and concentrates bile
What is the purpose of the pancreas?
Produces digestive enzymes and hormones
What is the purpose of the small intestine?
It breaks down food, absorbs nutrients through the villi, and moves food along the digestive tract
What is the purpose of the large intestine?
It absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining undigested food matter, solidifying it into stool
What is the purpose of the rectum?
It stores stool until it is ready to be excreted
What is the purpose of the anus?
It lets the stool pass through allowing excretion to occur
What is an enzyme?
A biological catalyst that speeds up the process of a reaction (digestion)
How are enyzmes affected by temperature?
As the temperature increases, the rate of reaction with enzymes increases proportionally, up until it reaches the optimum. After that point, the enzyme will denature and no longer work and the rate of reaction will steeply decrease
What are the substrate and product of these 3 enzymes?
amylase
lipase
protease
Amylase: starch into sugars (glucose)
Lipase: lipids into glycerol and fatty acids
Protease: protein into amino acids
What is the process for testing the rate of amylase?
1) Set up 2 labelled tubes in a water bath: 5cm3 of starch in one tset tube and 1cm3 amylase in the other
2) leave for 5 mintues to reach the temperature of the water bath
3) set up spotting tile with 1 drop iodine solution per well with a pipette
4) after 5 mintues, add amylase to starch, stir and keep in the water bath
5) immediately start the stopwatch and leave it on throughout the test
6) immediately, with a clean plastic pipette add one drop of mixture to the 1st well only
7) empty the plastic pipette (from step 6) back into the test tube and putback togerther into water bath
8) repeat step 6 & 7 every minute with the next well in the spotting tile
9) record the colour change in the well and note down the colour of the iodine solution. If starch is still present the spot will be blue/black. If starch has been broken down the spot will be brown/orange
10) repeat steps 1-9 with different temperatures
What is the equipment needed for the amylase practical?
safety goggles, test tubes, a test tube rack, syringes, a spotting tile, a stopwatch, and solutions of starch, amylase, iodine, water bath, glass stirring stick, beaker
