EOY revision Flashcards
get 90% on the test (139 cards)
1
Q
What is an element?
A
An element is a substance composed of many identical atoms
2
Q
What is a compound?
A
A compound is a substance containing 2 or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions (ratio)
3
Q
What is a mixture?
A
A mixture is a substance composed of many compounds and elements, which are NOT chemically conjoined and can easily be separated using a physical separation technique
4
Q
What are all of the separation techniques?
A
The separation techniques are: filtration, distillation (simple and fractional) crystallisation, chromatography
5
Q
What is a molecule?
A
A molecule is like a compound however the elements conjoined can be the same or different. ALL COMPOUNDS ARE MOLECULES BUT NOT ALL MOLECULES ARE COMPOUNDS
6
Q
What does a chemical formula do
A
A chemical formula tells you the elements in a molecule and the number of atoms of each element
7
Q
What do brackets mean in chemical formulas?
A
Brackets in chemical formulas show that all of the elements inside of the are multiplied by the subscript next to them
8
Q
What is filtration used for?
A
Filtration is used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid
9
Q
What is the process of filtration?
A
1) Fold filter paper and place into funnel
2) Pour mixture into funnel
3) The water (filtrate) will pass through the filter paper into the beaker underneath while the solid (residue) will be left behind in the filter paper
10
Q
What is crystallisation used for?
A
Crystallisation is used to separate a soluble solid from a liquid
11
Q
What is the process of crystallisation?
A
1) Place solution into a basin on top of a bunsen burner
2) Gently heat the solution until crystals form
3) Turn off the bunsen burner
4) All of the water would have evaporated, leaving only the separated solute
12
Q
What is the purpose of distillation?
A
To separate a soluble solid from a lilquid while keeping the liquid
13
Q
What is the process of simple distillation?
A
1) Place solution with dissolved solid and liquid into the flask
2) Heat solution using a bunsen burner until it boils
3) liquid will evaporate into vapour and pass into the condenser
4) The cooling jacket will lower the temp of the vapour and cause it to condense back into a liquid
5) Liquid is collected in the beaker
14
Q
What is the purpose of fractional distillation?
A
The purpose of fractional distillation is to separate a mixutre of liquids with different boiling points
15
Q
What is the process of fractional distillation?
A
1) Pour solution into a flask
2) heat using a bunsen burner
3) mixutre of both liquids will evaporate ( with the liquid of lower boiling point “Liquid A” evaporating easier)
4) Liquids pass into the fractionating column, where they are repeatedly condensed and fall into the flask where they are evaporated again. (increasing the amound of liquid A in the fractionating column.)
5) Liquids slowly move up the column, until they reach the thermometer, causing temp to rise
6) Mixture of both liquids (containing mainly Liquid A) passes into the cooling jacket and condenses and is collected
7) The thermometer temp will eventually stop rising, at Liquid A’s boiling point
8) Now mainly Liquid A will pass into cooling jacket, condensing and being collected IN A NEW BEAKER
9) Eventually the temperature will begin to rise again
10) Mixture of both liquids (containing mainly liquid B) condenses, collected in another beaker
10) Finally, when the temperature stops again (at liquid B’s boiling point) mainly liquid B will be condensed and collected in it’s own beaker.
16
Q
What makes fractional distillation more diffiicult?
A
similar boiling points between liquids and large volumes of liquid make fractional distillation more difficult.
17
Q
What is the purpose of chromatography?
A
The purpose of chromatography is to separate substances with different solubilities.
18
Q
What is the process of chromatography?
A
1) Draw a line in pencil near the bottom of the chromatography paper (Stationary phase)
2) Place dot of first colour “Colour A” on the line with a dot of the second colour “Colour B” next to it
3) Place the bottom of the paper into a solvent (Mobile phase)
4) The solvent dissolves Colour A and Colour B, taking them up the paper
5) Let the paper dry
6) Colour A has produced 1 spot of concentrated colour, while Colour B has 2 spots of 2 different colours (This may differ with other samples)
7) This shows that Colour A is made of 1 pure colour while Colour B is a combination of 2
19
Q
How do pure and mixed substances differ in chromatography?
A
A pure substance will only produce 1 spots in all solvents while a mixed substance will produce multiple spots depending on the solvent
20
Q
Why is the line drawn in pencil in chromatography?
A
The line in chromatography is drawn in pencil as if it were in pen, it would dissolve and travel up the paper aswell when not wanted
21
Q
Describe how an atom is presented in the plum pudding model:
A
The plum pudding model shows an atom as a ball of positive charge with many electrons embedded in it.
22
Q
What was the process of the alpha scattering experiment?
A
1) A thin layer of gold foil was hung up facing the source of the particles
2) Particles were the fired at the gold foil
3) Most of the particles passed straight through the foil without changing direction, though sometimes a particle would change direction after passing through or just be reflected off of the sheet.
23
Q
What are alpha particles?
A
An alpha particle is a particle with a positive charge.
24
Q
What did the results from the alpha particle experiment show scientists?
A
1) The alpha particle experiment showed scientists that atoms are mainly empty space, due to how most particles passed through the atoms of the gold sheet.
2) It also showed that atoms had a positive center, due to how the positive alpha particles were deflected off of it.
3) It also showed that the center of an atom had a lot of mass (for a particle) due to how some alpha particles bounced back off of it.
25
Describe the FIRST ITERATION of the nuclear model:
The nuclear model shows an atom that is mainly composed of empty space, with a ring of negative electrons around it's circumfrence and a positive nucleus containing most of the mass.
26
What did Niels Bohr suggest about the structure of an atom?
He suggested that electrons orbit the nucleus of the atom at specific distances instead of just a general area.
27
What did James Chadwick discover?
He discovered that the nucleus of an atom contained neutral particles called neutrons.
28
What is the radius of an atom?
The radius of an atom is roughly 0.1 nanometers or 1 × 10 ^ (-10) meters.
29
What is the radius of the nucleus?
The radius of the nucleus of an atom is roughly 1 × 10 ^ (-14) meters.
30
What is the relative charge and mass for all of the particles in an atom?
Proton: Charge; +1 Mass; 1
Neutron: Charge; 0 Mass; 1
Electron: Charge; -1 Mass; very small
31
Which number is which on an element of the periodic table and what do they represent?
Smaller number: atomic number (the amount of protons/electrons)
Larger number: mass number (the amount of neutrons + protons)
32
How do you calculate the number of neutrons in an element?
Mass number - Atomic number
33
What is an isotope?
An isotope is an atom of a certain element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
34
How do you calculate relative atomic mass?
To find the relative atomic mass of isotopes, you multiply each isotopic mass by its abundance, add all the values together and divide the total value by 100 percent.
35
What is an ion?
An ion is an element with an overall charge, due to gaining or losing electrons
36
What is relative atomic mass?
The average of the masses of the isotopes of an element weighted to their abundances.
37
How do you find the group of an element in the periodic table?
By looking at it's amount of outer shell electrons.
38
How do you present the electron structure of an atom?
By writing the amount of electrons in each shell, separated by commas, all in square brackets.
39
How are elements arranged in the periodic table?
They are arranged based on their properties.
40
What did Johann Dobereiner discover?
He discovered that elements with similar chemical properties often occured in threes, which he called "Triads". i.e. Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine.
41
What did John Newlands discover?
He discovered that by arranging elements in increasing order of atomic weight, each 8th elements properties would be similar, i.e. lithium, sodium, and potassium.
42
What did John Newlands call his new law?
John Newlands's law is called the law of octaves.
43
Why wasn't the law of octaves taken seriously?
Because there were multiple occassions where it had fumbled.
44
How did Dimitri Mendeleev develop the first modern periodic table?
1) He first arranged the elements based off of increasing atomic weight
2) He then switched around certain elements from their order so that their properties would match oher elements in the same group
3) He also left gaps in the table for undiscovered elements
45
What are the differences between Mendeleev's table and our modern day one?
Elements are now arranged in order of atomic number, and group 0 is now included on the table.
46
How is the boiling point affected down the table for noble gases?
As you move down the table the boiling point increases for noble gases.
47
How can you show that an atom is an ion?
By drawing square brackets around it and showing the charge on it's top right.
48
How do group 1 metals react with oxygen?
Group 1 metals react rapidly with oxygen, forming metal oxides, i.e. 2(Li2oO) (lithium oxide).
49
How do group 1 metals react with water and what is the equation?
They also react rapidly with water, producing hydrogen gas and forming an alkaline solution. The equation is Metal + Water = MetalHrydroxide + Hydrogen.
50
How can you tell that a group 1 metal has reacted in water?
1) Hydrogen gas will be produced, making a "popping" sound
2) By putting universal indicator into the water, or by using litmus paper, you can check if the solution is alkali. If so, the paper/water will have a colour change to purple/pink
51
Why does reactivity increase down group 1?
Reactivity increases down group 1 because of the fact that elements gain more electron shells as you go down the periods. This leads to the atomic radius increasing, putting the outer shell electron further away from the nucleus, decreasing attraction. As well as that, the more shells there are, the more "shielding" i.e. other electrons stopping forces of attraction from reaching the outer shell.
52
What is the measurement used for room temperature?
20 degrees celcius.
53
Why do halogens form covalent bonds with themselves?
Because of the fact that they both have 7 outer shell electrons, so can share 1 of them to become balanced.
54
What is halogen displacement?
Halogen displacement is where a more reactive halogen replaces the lesser from an aqueous solution of it's salt.
i.e. Sodium Bromide + Flourine ---> Sodium Flouride + Bromine.
55
What are the properties of alkali metals?
The properties of alkali metals are:
1) Soft metals (can be cut with a scalpel)
2) Relatively low melting points
3) Low density
4) Reacts rapidly with Oxygen, Chlorine, and water
5) Form positive +1 ions
56
What are the properties of transition metals?
The properties of transition metals are:
1) Hard and strong metals
2) Relatively high melting points
3) Relatively high density
4) Much less reactive than group 1 metals i.e. with Oxygen, Chlorine, and water
5) Can form ions with different charges, i.e. when nickel reacts, it can form a +2 or +4 ion
6) Forms coloured compounds
7) Can be used as catalysts
57
What is Dalton's theory?
Dalton's theory states:
1) All elements are made of tiny particles called atoms
2) All atoms of a given element are identical
3) The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element
4) Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds. A compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms
5) Atoms are indivisible and cannot be created or destroyed, only rearranged
58
What parts of Dalton's theory are true?
The parts stating that: "all elements are made of atoms, one element's atoms are different to another's and that during reactions, and that atoms separate and recombine to form different substances" are true.
59
What parts of Dalton's theory are false?
The parts stating that: "all atoms are indivisible and connot be broken down into smaller particles, and that all of the atoms of a particular element are identical" are false.
60
How do you find the empirical formula?
You simplify the molecular formula by the smallest number of atoms in the formula i.e. C2H4 ---> CH2
61
How do you find the molecular formula from the emprical formula?
1) Multiply the amount of atoms of each element by said element's relative atomic mass
2) Add those values together to get the relative molecular mass of the empirical formula
3) Divide the relative molecular mass of the compound by the relative molecular mass of the empirical formula
4) Finally, multiply the empirical formula by this number
62
What is a eukaryote?
A eukaryote is a cell that has their genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
63
What is a prokaryote?
A prokaryote is a cell that does NOT have their genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.
64
Which is larger, eukaryotes or prokaryotes?
Eukaryotes are significantly larger than prokaryotes.
65
How is DNA stored in a prokaryote?
In prokaryotes, DNA is stored in a single DNA loop, as well as in smaller loops called plasmids, which contain the information for the cells adaptations.
66
How large are Micrometers and Nanometers relative to a meter?
1 Micrometer is 1/1million of a meter, and 1 Nanometer is 1/1billion of a meter.
67
How does order of magnitude scale?
Each unit on the order of magnitude scale is 10x greater than the one before it, i.e. 1 = 10x, 2 = 100x, 3 = 1000x etc.
68
What are the parts of an animal cell and their purpose?
Nucleus: encloses genetic material
Cytoplasm: site of chemical reactions
Cell membrane: controls the molecules that can enter and exit the cell
Mitochondria: site of aerobic respiration
Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
69
What is the difference in shape between animal and plant cells?
While plant cells have a regular shape, the shape of animal cells can change.
70
What are the parts of a plant cell and their purpose?
Nucleus: encloses genetic material
Cytoplasm: site of chemical reactions
Cell membrane: controls the molecules that can enter and exit the cell
Mitochondria: site of aerobic respiration
Ribosomes: site of protein synthesis
Chloroplasts: site of phtotosynthesis
Cell wall: made from cellulose and provides extra structure + strengthens the cell
Permanent vacuole: filled with cell sap and helps give the plant it's shape
71
What is a specialised cell?
A specialised cell is one that has adaptations to help them carry out a particular function.
72
What is differentiation?
Differentiation is when a cell becomes specialised.
73
How are sperm cells adapted to their function?
Sperm cells are adapted by having:
Haploid (half) DNA: To ensure offspring has correct number of chromosomes
Tail: allows them to swim towards the egg
Streamlined shape: allows them to swim faster
Abundance of mitochondria: provides energy for swimming
Acrosome: contains enzymes to digest through the outer
layer of the ovum
74
How are nerve cells adapted to their function?
Nerve cells are adapted by having:
Axon: carries electrical impulses from 1 end of the cell to
the other
Myelin sheath: insulates the axon and speeds up the
transmission of impulses
Synapses: junctions allowing impulses to be passed from 1
cell to another
Dendrites: Increases the surface area so that other nerve
cells can connect more easily
75
How are muscle cells adapted to their function?
Muscle cells are adapted by having:
Protein fibers: can change length allowing cell to contract
Abundance of mitochondria: provides energy for
contraction
Shared nucleus: allows them to perform functions
in unison
76
How are root hair cells adapted to their function?
Root hair cells are adapted by having:
Root hair: increases surface area allowing for more
osmosis/active transport
NO chloroplasts: not needed as they remain underground
77
How are xylem cells adapted to their function?
Xylem cells are adapted by having:
Thick dead cell walls containing lignin: provides support
NO end walls: creates a long tube improving flow of
water/minerals
NO internal structures: also improves flow
78
How are phloem cells adapted to their function?
Phloem VESSEL cells are adapted by having:
NO nucleus and limited mitochondria/cytoplasm: to
improve flow of sugars
Sieve plates: allow sugars to move through vessel cell
interior
Pores: to connect to a companion cell
Phloem COMPANION cells are adapted by having:
abundcance of mitochondria: To provide energy to itself
and the vessel cell
79
What are the parts of an optical microscope and their purpose?
Stage: where the microscope slide is placed
Clips: hold the slide in place
Lamp/Mirror: Shines/Reflects light through the slide to increase visibility
Objective lenses: Allow for magnification to be increased or decreased when desired
Eyepiece lense: Where yo look through to see the sample. Has a magnification of 10x
Coarse focus knob: increases/ decreases the lens-stage distance
Fine focus knob: Makes finer adjustments not possible with the coarse knob
80
How do you properly use a microsocope?
1) Place slide onto the stage, suing the clips to hold it in place
2) Select the lowest power objective lens, and position it so that it is almost touching the slide using the coarse focus knob from a side view
3) Look through the eyepiece and slowly turn the coarse focus knob to increase the distance until the image is in focus
4) Use the fine focus knob to further focus the image
5) Then increase the magnification and repeat the last 2 steps
81
What are the pros and cons of using a light microscope?
Pros:
Simplicity and ease of operation
Lower cost than electron microscopes
Observation of living specimens
Natural color images
Portability
Cons:
Limited resolution
Lower magnification
Preparation artifacts
Limited depth of field
82
What are the pros and cons of electron microscopes:
Pros:
High Magnification
High resolution
Can produce 3d images
Chemical Analysis
Wide Range of Applications
Cons:
More expensive than light microscopes
Are too large to be used portably
Samples require extensive preparation
Cannot view live specimens
Cannot produce coloured images
Image artifacts are still possible
Can only view thin samples
83
What is the calculation for magnification?
Image size / Object size
84
What is the calculation for object size?
Image size / Magnification
85
What is the calculation for image size?
Object size x Magnification
86
What is binary fission?
Binary fission is the process where 1 bacteria cell splits into 2, it is the form of reproduction in bacteria.
87
What is the equation for the amount of bacteria after a certain time?
2 ^ n, where n is the amount of rounds of division.
88
What is the definition of a gene?
A gene is a section of DNA that contains instructions for building a specific protein.
89
What is the definition of a chromosome?
A chromosome is a package of DNA, the genetic material that controls a cell's activities and determines an organism's traits.
90
What is the definition of a genome?
A genome is 1 full copy of an organism's DNA.
91
What is the definition of DNA?
DNA is the molecule that carries genetic information in all living organisms.
92
What are the functions of mitosis?
Growth, repair and asexual reproduction.
93
What are the stages of mitosis and what happens during them?
Interphase: The cell duplicates chromosomes and centrosomes preparting for mitosis
Prophase: Mitosis begins. The genetic material condenses, nuclear membrane dissolves and the centrosomes move to opposite poles to form a mitotic spindle, attatching themselves to the chromatids
Metaphase: The chromatids are aligned down the equator of the cell
Anaphase: The chromatids are pulled apart to the opposite poles by the mitotic spindle, becoming separate chromosomes
Telophase: Cytokinesis occurs and the mitotic spindle dissapears, nuclear membranes begin to form around new nuclei
94
What is a stem cell?
A stem cell is an undifferentiated cell which can give rise to more cells of the same type and differentiate to form other types of cells.
95
What are three soucres of adult stem cells?
Three soucres of adult stem cells are the skin, liver and bone marrow.
96
What is therapeutic cloning and why is it useful?
Therapeutic cloning is where an embryo is created using the DNA of the patient (By placing the nucleus of their body cell into an empty egg cell) in order to obtain embryonic stem cells. This is useful as it lowers the risk of rejection.
97
What is the equivalent of stem cells in plant tissue?
The equivalent of stem cells in plant tissue are meistem cells, which can differentiate into any type of plant tissue, at any point in their life.
98
Where are meristem cells found?
In the roots and buds of the plant.
99
What are meristem cells used for?
Meristem cells are used for producing, quick, cheap clones of a plant in order to stop it from reaching extinction. They are also used to clone plants with desirable genetics for farmers.
100
What are the pros and cons of adult stem cells?
Pros:
Reduced Risk of Rejection
Tissue Repair and Regeneration
Safety and Well-Tested
Ethical Considerations
Cons:
Limited Differentiation Potential
Difficulty in Isolation and Extraction
Potential for Uncontrolled Growth
Limited Therapeutic Applications
Long-Term Risks
101
What are the pros and cons of embryonic stem cells?
Pros:
Therapeutic Potential
Unlimited Differentiation
Drug Testing Platform
Understanding Human Development
Cons:
Ethical Concerns
Tumor Formation
Immune Rejection
Long-Term Effects
Difficulty in Obtaining and Storing
Cost and Accessibility
102
What is the definition of diffusion?
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (along the concentration gradient)
103
What are 3 molecules that move in and out of cells by diffusion?
3 molecules that move in and out of cells by diffusion are Carbon dioxide, oxygen and urea.
104
What is the concentration gradient?
The concentration gradient is the difference in concentrations between 2 substances.
105
What are the 3 factors that affect the rate of diffusion?
Temperature, surface area and concentration gradient.
106
What is the relationship between surface area : volume ratio and size?
The larger the size of an object the lower the surface area : volume ratio.
107
How can larger organisms provide oxygen to all of their cells?
Larger organisms can provide oxygen to all of their cells by having dedicated structures for gas exchange with a large surface area and by having transport systems to carry oxygen around the body.
108
What are the adaptations of gill filaments?
1) Large surface area to absorb as much as possible
2) Thin to provide a short diffusion distance
3) Efficient blood supply to carry away oxygen, ensuring the conc gradient is always high
109
What is the definition of osmosis?
Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane. (along the concentration gradient)
110
Why is osmosis dangerous for animal cells?
Osmosis is dangerous for animal cells as it can cause it to burst from the abundance of water and not having a cell wall to hold it together.
111
What happens to a plant cell when it has too much/too little water?
When a plant cell has too much water, instead of bursting, it will become turgid, and the walls of the cell will expand outwards. When a plant cell has too little water, it will become flaccid, and the walls of the cell will begin to cave in on themselves.
112
What is the process of finding the effect of osmosis on plant tissue?
1) Peel the skin of the plant, as it can affect osmosis
2) Use a cork borer to produce 3 cylinders of potato with an identical diameter
3) Use a scalpel to trim all 3 cylinders to the same length (3cm)
4) Measure each cylinders length with a ruler and their mass using a scale
5) Place each cylinder into an individual test tube
6) Add 10cm3 of 0.5 molar sugar solution in the first tube only
7) Then Add 10cm3 of 0.25 molar sugar solution in the second
8) Add 10cm3 of distilled water into the third
9) Leave and allow osmosis to occur
10) remove from test tubes and gently roll on a paper towel to remove surface moisture
11) Re-measure mass and length
12) Calculate percentage change in mass for all 3
113
What is the calculation for percentage change?
Change in value / original value x 100
114
What is the definition of active transport?
Active transport moves substacnes from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution. (against the concentration gradient)
115
What are 2 examples of active transport?
The absorption of sugars in the small intestine, and the absorption of mineral ions in the roots of a plant.
115
What are some examples of scalar and vector quantities?
Scalar: Mass, temperature, speed, energy, distance, time
Vector: Displacement, weight, force, velocity, acceleration, momentum
115
What is the definition of a scalar quantity?
A scalar quantity is something with only magnitude (size) and NOT direction.
115
What is the definition of a vector quantity?
A vector quantity is something that has both magnitude (size) and direction.
115
How do you draw a vector diagram?
1) Choose a scale to work from
2) Place a point to draw the forces from
3) Draw both forces from the point, at the correct angle apart and scale
4) Draw 2 more lines to from a parallelogram
5) Draw a line from the point to the opposite end of the parallelogram
6) Measure the length of that line and convert it to forces
115
What is the definition of a force?
A force is a push or pull that acts on an object due to the interaction with another obejct.
115
What is the unit of force?
The newton (N)
115
What is the definition of weight and what is it measured in?
The weight of an object is the force acting on it due to gravity. It is measured in N.
115
What is the equation for weight?
Weight = mass x gravity
116
What are all of the non-contact forces?
Gravitational force, electrostatic force and magnetic force.
116
What is gravitational field strength measured in?
Gravitational field strength is measured in N/Kg.
116
What are all of the contact forces?
Friction, air resistance, tension and normal force.
116
What is the definition of mass and what is it measured in?
Mass tells you how much matter is in an object. It is measured in Kg.
116
What is the equation for mass relative to mass and gravity?
Mass = weight / gravity
116
What is the equation for gravitational field strength?
Gravity = weight / mass
116
How do you draw resolving forces?
1) Draw a graph to draw the vector on
2) Draw the vector at the correct angle and to scale on the graph
3) Connect the head of the arrow to a point on both the x and y axes
4) Measure the distance from the origin of the graph to each of the points
5) Convert those 2 measurements into forces
116
What is elastic deformation
Elastic deformation is a temporary change in an object's shape due to a force, where the object returns to its original shape and size when the force is removed.
116
How do you calculate the force needed to stretch/compress an elastic object and what are the units for the variables?
Force (F) (N) = Spring constant (k) (N/m) x Extension (e) (M)
116
What is the centre of mass?
The centre of gravity is the single point where gravity acts on an object.
116
What is w*rk?
W*rk is the energy transferred when a force is used to move an object.
117
What is the definition of an elastic material?
An elastic material is one that will return to it's original shape when the forces acting on it are taken away.
117
What is the equation for w*rk done along with the units for each variable?
W*rk done (W) (J) = Force (F) (N) x Distance (s) (M)
118
What is the process of the Hooke's law practical?
1) Place a heavy weight on the clamp stand and
2) Attatch a metre rule and spring to the clamps, making sure that the top of the spring aligns with the 0 point on the ruler and the metre rule is completely vertical and the wooden splint on the spring is horizontal
3) measure the length from 0 to the splint to get the unstretched length of the spring
4) Add a 1N weight and measure the length of the spring again
5) Keep on adding weight and measuring
6) Calculate the extension with each weight (Stretched length - unstretched)
7) Plot on a graph where x = weight and y = extension
8) Straight line = directly proportional curved line = indirect
119
What is the limit of proportionality?
The point where, if any more weight is added, the spring will no longer return to it's original length.
120
What is the equation for elastic potential energy transferred and what are the measurements for the units?
Elastic potential energy (E) (J) = 0.5 x Spring constant (k) (N/m) x extension^2 (e^2) (M)
