Biology: Infection and Response

Question 1

what is a pathogen

Answer 1

microorganisms that enter the body and cause disease

Question 2

what are the four types of pathogen

Answer 2

bacteria, viruses, protists, fungi

Question 3

describe bacteria and how they cause disease

Answer 3

very small single celled organisms that can reproduce rapidly. They release toxins that damage your cells

Question 4

describe virus and how they cause disease

Answer 4

very small organisms that reproduce rapidly. They replicate in a cell causing it to burst or damage it

Question 5

describe protists and how they cause disease

Answer 5

single celled eurkaryotics. Some work as parasites that cause damage

Question 6

describe fungi and how they cause disease

Answer 6

can be single celled. Grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants

Question 7

what 3 ways can pathogens spread

Answer 7

water, air and direct contact

Question 8

what is measles and how is it spread

Answer 8

viral disease spread by droplets

Question 9

name 2 symptoms of measles

Answer 9

red skin rash, fever

Question 10

what are the consequences of measles and what are the treatments

Answer 10

fatality, pneumonia or brain infection. Vaccinations

Question 11

what is HIV and how is it spread

Answer 11

viral infection spread by exchange of bodily fluids

Question 12

name the symptom of HIV

Answer 12

flu like symptons

Question 13

what are the treatments for HIV

Answer 13

antiretrovial drugs but not cure

Question 14

what is TMV

Answer 14

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

Question 15

name 3 symptoms of TMV

Answer 15

mosaic pattern on leaves and discolouration, stunted growth

Question 16

what is Rose Black Spot

Answer 16

fungal disease for plants

Question 17

name 3 symptoms of Rose Black Spot

Answer 17

purple or black spots, leaves fall off, stunted growth

Question 18

how can you stop Rose Black Spot

Answer 18

Burn infected plants

Question 19

what is Malaria

Answer 19

Protist disease. Parasite carried by the vector Mosquito

Question 20

what can Malaria cause

Answer 20

fever and fatality

Question 21

how can you prevent malaria

Answer 21

Insecticides

Question 22

what is the most important part of your immune system

Answer 22

White Blood cell

Question 23

what are phagocytes and how do they work

Answer 23

white blood cells that engulf and digest foreign cells

Question 24

what are antibodies and how they work

Answer 24

proteins that attach to antigens and destroy the pathogen

Question 25

what are the three main stages of drug testing

Answer 25

testing on cells, testing on animals, human trials

Question 26

what is a placebo

Answer 26

substance that looks like the drug but doesnt actually do anything

Question 27

how do you make monoclonal antibodies 6 steps

Answer 27

``` inject animal with antigen make a fast dividing tumour cell take the B-lymphocytes from mouse Fuse B-Lymphocyte with tumour cell this makes a hybridomas cell it divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce the monoclonal antibodies ```

Question 28

what are monoclonal antibodies used for

Answer 28

Pregnancy tests Treating disease Find specific substances

Question 29

what are six common signs of diseases in plants

Answer 29

``` stunted growth spots on leaves patches of decay abnormal growths malformed stems or leaves discolouration ```

Question 30

what are the three types of defences that plants can have

Answer 30

physical, chemical mechanical

Question 31

give 3 examples of physical defences and how they protect the plant

Answer 31

waxy cuticle - provides physical barrier cell walls - form physical barrier layers of dead cells - form physical barrier

Question 32

give 2 examples of chemical defences and how they protect plants

Answer 32

Antibacterial chemical - kill bacteria | Poison - deter herbivores

Question 33

give 3 examples of mechanical defence and how they protect plants

Answer 33

thorns/hairs - stop animals from touching or eating leaves that drop or curl - Move away or knock off insects Mimic other organisms - scares of other organisms