biology of a cell

Question 1

cytology

Answer 1

study of the cells

Question 2

light microscope

Answer 2

produces a 2 dimentional image by passing visible light through the specimen

Question 3

plasma membrane

Answer 3

forms the outer limiting barrier separating the internal contents of the cell from the external enviroment

Question 4

nucleus

Answer 4

largest structure with the cell and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope. contains dan. within this consist of nucleolus

Question 5

cytoplasm

Answer 5

cellular content between the plasma membrane and the nucleus and has three primary components: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions

Question 6

cytosol

Answer 6

intracellular fluid or cytoplasmic matrix. viscous syruplike fluid of the cytoplasm. high water content

Question 7

organelles

Answer 7

“little organ” complex organized structures within that have a unique , characteristic shape and function

Question 8

membrane bound organelles

Answer 8

enclosed by a membrane similar to the specific activities of the organelle can proceed without disruption from the other cellular activities this included: endoplasmic reticullum, golgi app, plasma membrane

Question 9

non membrane-bound organelles

Answer 9

not enclosed within a membrane . these structue are composed of protein and include ribosome, the cytoskeleton, the centrosome, and proteasome

Question 10

inclusion

Answer 10

cytosol temporarily store this which is a large and diverse group of molecules.

Question 11

general cell function

Answer 11

maintain intefrity and shape and obtain nutrients

Question 12

the plasma membrane is not a rigid boundary but more of a fluid matrix composed of approx an equal mixture by weight , lipid, and protein

Answer 12

info need to know… this also conist of lipid which include phospolipids, cholesterol, and glycolipid

Question 13

phospholipid

Answer 13

lipid in most plasma membrane. similar to a ballon with 2 tails. ballon head is polar and hydrophilic. tails are no polar and hydrophobic

Question 14

phosholipid bilayer

Answer 14

basic structure that makes sure that the cytosol remain inside cell and interstitial fluid (fluid that surrounds cell)remains outside

Question 15

cholesterol

Answer 15

scattered within the hydrophobic region of phosholipid bilayer. strengthens and maintain temp

Question 16

glycolipid

Answer 16

lipid with attached carbohydrate group located only on outer phosholipid layer of the membrane and exposed to interstitial fluid

Question 17

glycocalyx

Answer 17

coating of sugar on cell surface

Question 18

integral protein

Answer 18

one of 2 structure types for membrane proteins: integral or peripheral… this is embedded within and extend across the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 19

glycoprotein

Answer 19

one of many integral protein have carbs exposed to interstitial fluid

Question 20

peripheral protein

Answer 20

opposite. are not embedded within the lipid bilayre and are attached loosely to either outer or inner surface of membrane

Question 21

transport protein

Answer 21

a means of regulating the movement of substance across the plasma membrane that include channel, carrier and pumps

Question 22

cell surface recepter

Answer 22

bing specific molecules called ligands

Question 23

ligands

Answer 23

are molecules released from the one cell that bind to receptors within the plasma membrane of another cell. ex neuro transmitter released from nerve cell

Question 24

identity marker

Answer 24

either protein or glycol protein that communicate to other cells that they belong to the body. cells of the immune system use identity marker to distinguish normal healthy cells from the foreign , damaged to infected cells that are to be destroyed

Question 25

enzymes

Answer 25

may be attached to either the internal or external surface of a call for catalyzing chemical reactions

Question 26

anchoring sites

Answer 26

are proteins that secure the cytoskeletion (internal, protein support cell) to the plasma membrane

Question 27

cell adhesion protein

Answer 27

cell to cell attachment. proteins that form membrane junctions perform a number of functions including binding cells to one another

Question 28

simple diffusion

Answer 28

solutes that are small and non polar move into or out of a cell down their concentration gradient. plasma membrane cannot regulate this.

Question 29

facilitated diffusion

Answer 29

small solutes that are charges or polar are effectively blocked from entry into the cell by the non polar phospholipid bilayer

Question 30

2 type of facilitated diffusion

Answer 30

channel mediated diffusion and carrier mediated diffusion

Question 31

channel mediated diffusion

Answer 31

movement of small ions across the plasma membrane through water filled protein channels each channels is either a leaked or gated channel

Question 32

leak channel

Answer 32

are continuously open

Question 33

gated channel

Answer 33

usually open only in response to a stimulus (chemical, light, voltage)

Question 34

carrier mediated diffusion

Answer 34

is the movement of small polar molecules

Question 35

osmosis

Answer 35

is passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane (like the plasma membrane) when water crosses the plasma membrane of a cll by this, the cell wither gains or loses water with an accompanying change in the cells volume and osmotic pressure

Question 36

solute are classified in 2 categories based upon passage across the plasma membrane

Answer 36

permeable solute=small and non polar (oxygen, carbon dioxide, and urea) pass through the bilayer nonpermeable solute= (charnged, polar, large solute like ions, glucose and proteins) prevent from crossing the bilayer

Question 37

osmotic pressure

Answer 37

pressure exerted by the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane sure to a diffence in solution concentration. the steeper the gradient the greater the amount of water moved by osmosis.. osmotic pressure can be measured indirectl by the u shaped hydrostatic pressure

Question 38

tonicity

Answer 38

term to describe the three relative concentration isotonic, hypotonic or hypertonic

Question 39

isotonic

Answer 39

a solution with same relative concentration of solute

Question 40

hypotonic

Answer 40

solution which has lower concentration of solute and there is a higher concentration of water than in the cytosol

Question 41

hypertonic

Answer 41

solution in which has a higher concentration of soluter and thus a lower concentration of water that does the cytosol

Question 42

active transport

Answer 42

maintain concentration gradient between cell and fluid. the direct source of energy for active transport determine whether the movement is called primary active transport or secondary transport

Question 43

primary transport

Answer 43

uses energy to derived directly from the breakdown of atp . this breakdown provides the phosphate group that is added to transport protein, resulting in a change in a proteins shape and subsequent movement mod a solute across the membrane

Question 44

ion pumps

Answer 44

part of active transport . major factor in cell ability to maintain its internal concentrations of ions

Question 45

sodium -potassium pump- special kind of pumps

Answer 45

'exchange pump' moves one ion into cell against its concentration gradient , while moving another typer of ion out of the cell against. dual pump bc it moves two ions, against respective concentration gradient

Question 46

vesicular transport

Answer 46

bulk transport

Question 47

involves energy input to transport large materials across the plasma membrane by a vesicle

Answer 47

vesicle- membrane bounded sac filled with material

Question 48

exocytosis

Answer 48

either large substance or large amounts of substances are secreted from the cell

Question 49

endocytosis

Answer 49

.

Question 50

table 4.1

Answer 50

pg 19 in chapter

Question 51

channel linked receptor (chemically gated channels

Answer 51

permit ion passage either into or out of a cell n response to neurotransmitterbinding . channel linked receptor r require to initiate electrical changes in both muscle cells and nerve cells

Question 52

enzymatic receptor

Answer 52

function as protein kinase enzymes and are activated to directly phosphor late other enzymes within the cell. recall( enzymes can either turn on or turn off through phoshorylation

Question 53

G protein- coupled receptors

Answer 53

involve protein kinase activiation