Biology PreMidterm Flashcards
(211 cards)
1
Q
it is the scientific study of living things, which we call
organisms
A
Biology
2
Q
Biology is the science of life. Its name is derived from the Greek words
A
“bios” (life) and “logos” (study).
3
Q
Biology, like other science, is based on what
A
Systematic observations, hypotheses, predictions, and observational and experimental tests
4
Q
Biologists study the what
A
structure, function, growth, origin,
evolution and distribution of living organisms.
5
Q
The organism is consist of
A
One or more cells
6
Q
Organisms are constructed of what
A
Same kinds of atoms and molecules
7
Q
Organisms engage in what
A
in metabolism; they acquire and use energy and materials in order to survive and reproduce
8
Q
It is the smallest unit of life that has the
signature molecule which is the “nucleic acid”
known as DNA
A
Cell
9
Q
Holds instructions for
assembling a variety of proteins
from smaller molecules, the
amino acids.
A
DNA
10
Q
What turns DNA instructions
into proteins
A
RNAs
11
Q
A capacity to do
work, energy drives all the
molecular events in a cell
A
ENERGY
12
Q
The capacity to obtain and convert energy from its surroundings and use energy to maintain itself, grow and produce more cells
A
METABOLISM
13
Q
Electron, proton, neutron or some
other fundamental of life
A
SUBATOMIC PARTICLE
14
Q
Membrane-bound
internal compartment for
specialized reactions
A
ORGANELLE
15
Q
Smallest unit of an element that
still retains the properties of that element
A
ATOM
16
Q
Unit of two or more
bonded together atoms of the same
element or different elements
A
MOLECULE
17
Q
Small unit with the
capacity to live and reproduce,
independently or as part of
multicelled organism
A
CELL
18
Q
Organized aggregation
of cells and substances
functioning together in a
specialized activity
A
TISSUE
19
Q
structural unit in which
tissues, combined in specific
amounts and patterns, perform a
common task
A
ORGAN
20
Q
Group of individuals of the same kind (that
is the same species) occupying
the same area
A
POPULATION
21
Q
Two or more organs
interacting chemically, physically or both
in ways that contribute to organism’s
survival
A
ORGAN SYSTEM
22
Q
populations of all
species occupying the same area
A
COMMUNITY
23
Q
Individual consisting of
interdependent cells typically
organized in tissues, organs and
organ system
A
MULTICELLED ORGANISM
24
Q
Community and its environment
A
ECOSYSTEM
25
All regions of the Earth's crust, waters and atmosphere that sustain life
BIOSPHERE
26
It is the process of observation, speculation, hypothesis, prediction, and experimentation that is a cornerstone of modern science, although scientists may initiate their research at several different points. Answers gleaned through experimentation lead to new questions, more hypotheses, further experiments, and expanding knowledge.
Scientific Methodology
27
Scientific Methodology
Make an observation.
Ask a question.
Form a hypothesis, or testable explanation.
Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
Test the prediction.
Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.
28
Most common elements in an organism are:
oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
29
Organisms also have lesser amounts of many other
| elements, such as:
calcium
phosphorus
potassium
sulfur
30
Fundamental form of matter that occupies space, has mass, and cannot be broken apart into a different form of matter by ordinary physical or chemical means.
Element
31
The smallest unit of an element that still retains the characteristics properties of that element.
Atom
32
Positively charged particle of the atomic nucleus.
All atoms of an element have the same number of
ions, which is the atomic number. A proton without an electron zipping around is a hydrogen ion (H+).
proton (p+)
33
Negatively charged particle that can occupy a volume of space (orbital) around an atomic nucleus. Electrons can be shared or transferred among atoms.
Electron
34
An uncharged particle of the nucleus of all atoms except hydrogen. For a given element, the mass number is the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Neutron
35
Unit of matter in which two or more atoms of the same element, or different ones are bonded together
Molecule
36
A molecule composed of two or more different elements in unvarying proportions. Water is an example (H2O)
Compound
37
The intermingling of two or more elements in proportions that can and usually vary.
Mixture
38
One or two or more forms of an element's atoms that differ in their number of neutrons.
ISOTOPE
39
An atom that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus becoming negatively or positively charged.
ION
40
Any molecule or ions dissolve in some solvent
SOLUTE
41
The polar molecule that can readily dissolve in water
| water-loving substances
Hydrophilic substance
42
The nonpolar molecule that strongly resists dissolve in water-water dreading substances
Hydrophobic substance
43
A substance that donates Hydrogen when dissolved in water
ACID
44
A substance that accepts hydrogen when dissolved in water
BASE
45
Compound that releases ions other than H+ or OH
| when dissolved in water
SALT
46
Cells consist of water. They release a lot of heat energy by metabolism. If it weren't for water hydrogen bonds, they might cook in their own juices
Water's Temperature stabilizing effects
47
It is a measurement of molecular motion
Temperature
48
It is the conversion of heat energy liquid water to
| gaseous state.
Evaporation
49
Means something has a capacity to resist rupturing when placed under tension that is, stretched.
Cohesion
50
Water is an excellent
solvent, for ions and polar
molecules easily dissolve it. True or False?
True
51
It is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicates acidity.
pH scale
52
Hydrogen can interact with other molecules and changed their properties. True or False
True
53
When some substances dissolve in water, they release hydrogen ions (H+). True or False?
True
54
These are molecules containing carbon and at least one hydrogen atom
Organic Compounds
55
```
These assemble biological
molecules from pools of smaller
organic compounds, including
simple sugars, fatty acids, amino
acids and nucleotides.
```
Cells
56
These are defined partly by their capacity
| to assemble the organic compounds called carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids (these are the molecule life)
Cells
57
These are the most abundant biological molecules of life
Carbohydrate
58
Most carbohydrates are consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1 (CH2O)n. True or False
True
59
What are the 3 main classes of Carbohydrate
Monosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
60
Greek word meaning sugar
“Saccharide”
61
Meaning one sugar monomer (simple sugar)
Monosaccharide
62
It is the simplest carbohydrate
Monosaccharide
63
Most organisms use it as their main energy source
Monosaccharide
64
Examples of Monosaccharide
Ribose and deoxyribose, the sugar unit
| of RNA and DNA
65
These are the short-chain carbohydrates
Oligosaccharide (s)
66
This means “a few”
Oligo
67
This consist only
| two sugar units
Disaccharides
68
Examples of Oligosaccharides
Lactose, Sucrose
69
These are the complex carbohydrates
Polysaccharide (s)
70
The straight or branched chains
| of many sugar monomers of the same or different types.
Polysaccharide (s)
71
Examples of Polysaccharide
Cellulose, starch and
| glycogen
72
These are nonpolar hydrocarbons
Lipids
73
They resist dissolving water but easily dissolve in nonpolar substances
Lipids
74
Components of Lipids
Fats and fatty acids
phospholipids
sterol
waxes
75
These are lipids known as fats that have
| one, two, or three acids attached to glycerol
Fats and Fatty Acids
76
These have a backbone of thirty-six
| carbon atoms
Fats and Fatty Acids
77
These have a glycerol head and
| three fatty acid tails are the major energy reservoirs.
Triglycerides, or neutral fats
78
These have a glycerol backbone, two
fatty acid tails and hydrophilic
head with a phosphate group
and another polar group.
Phospholipids
79
These are the main materials of cell membranes,
| which have two layers of lipids
Phospholipids
80
These are lipids with no fatty acids
Sterols
81
They have a rigid backbone of four
| fused together carbon rings
Sterols
82
These have sterols in their membranes
Eukaryotic cells
83
The most common type of sterol in tissues of
| animals
Cholesterol
84
These have a long-chain fatty acids
Waxes
85
These are the most diverse of biological
| molecules
Proteins
86
Act as weapons against
| pathogens
Proteins
87
How many kinds of amino acids
20
88
It is the sequence of different kinds of amino acids along a polypeptide chain
Primary Protein Structure
89
These are the local regions along the length of a polypeptide chain twist and fold into helical coils, sheet-like arras of strands and loops
Secondary Protein Structure
90
This is a polypeptide chain or parts
of it becomes organized into domains: structurally stable, compact units that may have
distinct functions.
Tertiary protein structure
91
This consists of two or more polypeptide chains joined by hydrogen bonds. Covalent bonds, disulfide bridges, and their interactions stabilize it.
Fourth/ Quaternary protein
| structure
92
This is the breaking weak bonds of a protein or any other large molecule disrupts its three-dimensional shape
Denaturation
93
These are small organic compounds that serve as energy carriers, chemical messengers, and subunits for coenzymes and for nucleic acids
Nucleotides
94
These serve as chemical
| messengers between cells and of cytoplasm
Nucleotides
95
These are consist of nucleotides joined
| one after another by covalent bonds.
Nucleic acids
96
These are the fundamental units of
| life
Cells
97
In what year did Robert Hooke estimated that in one square inch of cork, which he examined under his magnifying lens, there were 1,259,712,000 cells! The
diameters of cells range from about 1 to 100 micrometers (µ).
1665
98
These were the early scientists who studied cells
```
Antony Van Leeuwenhoek
Robert Brown Botanist
Matthias Scleiden
Theodore Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
```
99
It is an important unifying principle of biology.
Cell Theory
100
The three critical components of the cell theory
1. Cells are the fundamental units of life.
2. All living organisms are composed of cells.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
101
To the original cell theory, first stated in 1838, what should be added
Evolution through natural selection explains the diversity of modern cells.
102
Cells are classified as either
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
103
Biologists classify all living things
| into three domains
Archaea prokaryotes
Bacteria prokaryotes
Eukarya eukaryotes
104
What basic structure do all
| prokaryotic cells have
Plasma Membrane, Nucleoid, Cytoplasm, Cytosol, Ribosomes, Cell wall, Internal membranes, Flagella, Pili, Cytoskeleton
105
These are the membranous
| compartments of eukaryotic cells
Organelles
106
These are consist of two different sized
| subunits.
Ribosomes
107
```
Eukaryotic ribosomes are
somewhat larger than those of
prokaryotes, but the structure of
prokaryotic ribosomes are better
understood. True or False?
```
True
108
These are molecular factories where
| proteins are synthesized
RNA called ribosomal ribosomes
109
This is where DNA resides
Nucleus
110
In what organelle of the cell is information encoded
DNA
111
It is the largest organelle
Nucleus
112
It is the location of most of the
cell’s DNA and the site of DNA
replication.
Nucleus
113
It is the site where gene
| transcription is turned on or off.
Nucleus
114
It is where ribosomes
begin to be assembled from RNA
and proteins.
nucleolus
115
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum (RER) is called “rough” because of the many
ribosomes attached to the inner surface of
the membrane, giving it a “rough”
appearance. True or False
False - OUTER surface
116
This lacks ribosomes and is more tubular (and less like flattened sacs) than the RER, but it shows continuity with portions of the RER
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
117
It is the site for glycogen degradation in animal
| cells.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
118
It is the site where lipids and steroids are
| synthesized.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
119
It receives protein-containing
| vesicles from the RER.
Golgi Apparatus
120
It modifies, concentrates, packages, and sorts proteins before they are sent to their cellular or extracellular destinations.
Golgi Apparatus
121
IIt adds carbohydrates to proteins
and modifies other carbohydrates that
were attached to proteins in the RER.
Golgi Apparatus
122
It is the powerhouse of the cell
MITOCHONDRIA
123
Organelle of the eukaryotic cell whose primary function is to harvest the chemical energy of those fuel molecules in a form that the cell can use, namely the energy-rich molecule ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
MITOCHONDRIA
124
It is present only in the
cells of plants and certain
protests.
Plastids
125
This contains the green pigment chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis.
Chloroplast
126
These occur in many eukaryotic cells but particularly
| those of plants, fungi, and protests.
Vacuoles
127
The functions of Vacuoles
Storage
Structure
Reproduction
Digestion
128
It supports the cell and maintains its
| shape.
Cytoskeleton
129
IIt holds cell organelles and other
| particles in position within the cell.
Cytoskeleton
130
It is involved with movements of the
| cytoplasm, called cytoplasmic streaming.
Cytoskeleton
131
The three components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton:
microfilaments (smallest diameter),
intermediate filaments, and
microtubules (largest diameter).
132
What performs the same role as skeletal structures in animals. It is a semi-rigid structure outside the plasma membrane
Plant cell wall
133
The physical organization and functioning of all biological membranes depend on what
On their constituents: lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.
134
This establishes the physical integrity of the membrane and creates an effective barrier to the rapid passage of hydrophilic materials such as water and ions.
Lipids
135
This serves as a lipid “lake” in which a
| variety of proteins “float”
phospholipid bilayer
136
This general design, where it is made up of many discrete components, and fluids move freely
fluid mosaic model
137
The phosphorus-containing “head” of the phospholipid
| is electrically charged and therefore associates with polar water molecules.
Hydrophilic regions
138
The long, nonpolar fatty acid “tails” of the phospholipid
| associate with other nonpolar materials; they do not dissolve in water or associate with hydrophilic substances.
Hydrophobic regions
139
Up to what percent of the lipid
content of an animal cell plasma
membrane may be the steroid cholesterol
25
140
This preferentially
associates with saturated fatty
acids.
Cholesterol
141
All biological membranes contain what
proteins
142
Two general types of membrane proteins
peripheral proteins and integral proteins.
143
These lack exposed hydrophobic groups and is not
embedded in the bilayer. Instead, they have polar or charged regions that interact with exposed parts of integral membrane proteins, or with the polar heads of phospholipid molecules
Peripheral membrane proteins
144
These are at least partly embedded in the phospholipid
bilayer. Like phospholipids, these proteins have both hydrophilic and
hydrophobic regions (domains)
Integral membrane proteins
145
These are stretches of amino acids with hydrophilic side chains that give certain regions of the
protein a polar character.
Hydrophilic domains
146
These are stretches of amino acids with hydrophobic
| side chains give other regions of the protein a nonpolar character.
Hydrophobic domains
147
Proteins are asymmetrically
distributed on the inner and
outer surfaces of membranes. True or False
True
148
An integral protein that extends all the way through the phospholipid bilayer and protrudes on both sides is known as
transmembrane protein
149
The body has about how many
| cells
60 trillion
150
These are the two processes that allow cells to arrange themselves in
groups
Cell recognition and Cell adhesion
151
This is the process in which one cell specifically binds to another cell of a certain type
Cell recognition
152
This is the process in which the connection between the two cells is strengthened
Cell adhesion
153
The three types of junctions
Tight Junctions, Desmosomes and Gap Junctions
154
This prevent substances from moving
| through the spaces between cells.
Tight Junctions
155
This hold neighboring cells firmly together, acting like spot welds or rivets
Desmosomes
156
These are channels that run between membrane pores in adjacent cells, allowing substances to
pass between cells.
Gap Junctions
157
This characteristic of membranes allow
| some substances, but not others, to pass-through
selective permeability
158
This allows the
membrane to determine what
substances enter or leave a cell
or organelle.
Selective permeability
159
These are the two fundamentally different processes by which substances across biological membranes
Active Transport and Passive Transport
160
This transport process does not require the input of chemical energy to drive them
Passive transport
161
This transport process requires the input of chemical energy (metabolic energy).
Active Transport
162
Two types of diffusion involved in Passive Transport Process
Simple Diffusion and Facilitated Diffusion
163
Where does simple diffusion occur
Through the phospholipid bilayer
164
Where does facilitated diffusion occur
via channel
| proteins or carrier proteins
165
It is the process of random movement toward a state of equilibrium.
Diffusion
166
This is a net movement from regions of greater concentration to regions of lesser
concentration.
Diffusion
167
How fast a substance diffuses depends on three factors
How fast a substance diffuses depends on three factors, The temperature of the solution and The concentration gradient in the system
168
Simple diffusion takes place through where
Phospholipid bilayer
169
It is the diffusion of water across
| membranes
Osmosis
170
It depends on the relative
concentrations of the water
molecules
Osmosis
171
It has a higher solute concentration than the other
| solution with which it is being compared
Hypertonic solution
172
Solutions that have equal solute concentrations
Isotonic solutions
173
It has a lower solute concentration than the other
| solution with which it is being compared
Hypotonic solution
174
The substances diffuse according to their concentration gradients, but their
diffusion is facilitated by protein channels or carriers.
True. Facilitated Diffusion
175
These are integral membrane proteins that form channels
| across the membrane through which certain substances can pass.
Channel Proteins
176
These bind substances and speed up their diffusion through
| the phospholipid bilayer.
Carrier Proteins
177
This opens when a stimulus causes a
change in the three dimensional
shape of the channel.
Gated Channel
178
The best studied channel proteins
ION Channels
179
It maintained the imbalance between the concentration of a
particular ion or small molecule inside compared with outside a
cell.
Active membrane transport
180
Because it is acting “against the normal flow,” it requires the
expenditure of energy.
Active membrane transport
181
Often the energy source is adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Active membrane transport
182
In eukaryotes, where is ATP produced
mitochondria
183
ACTIVE Transport is directional. True or False
True
184
It moves a substance either into or out of the cell or organelle, depending
on need.
ACTIVE Transport
185
The three kinds of membrane proteins that carry out active transport:
Uniporter, Symporter, Antiporter
186
This moves a single substance in one direction.
Uniporter
187
This moves two substances in the same direction.
Symporter
188
This moves two substances in opposite directions, one into the cell (or
organelle) and the other out of the cell (or organelle)
Antiporter
189
These are also known as coupled
transporters because they move two
substances at once.
Symporters and
| antiporters
190
There are two basic types of active transport:
Primary active transport, Secondary active transport
191
This involves the direct hydrolysis of ATP, which
| provides the energy required for transport.
Primary active transport
192
This does not use ATP directly. Instead, its energy
is supplied by an ion concentration gradient established by primary (ATP-driven) active transport. Secondary active transport uses the energy of
ATP indirectly in the form of the gradient.
Secondary active transport
193
Macromolecules and particles enter the cell by what
endocytosis
194
It is a general term for a group of processes that bring small molecules, macromolecules, large particles, and even small cells into the eukaryotic cell
endocytosis
195
Three Types of Endocytosis:
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
196
```
This invaginates (folds
inward), forming a small pocket
around materials from the
environment. The pocket
deepens, forming a vesicle.
```
The plasma
| membrane
197
Part of the plasma membrane
engulfs large particles or even
entire cells. "Cellular eating"
Phagocytosis
198
```
These use phagocytosis
to defend the body by engulfing
foreign cells and substances. The
food vacuole or phagosome that
forms usually fuses with a
lysosome, where its contents are
digested
```
White blood cells
199
"Cell drinking". The process operates to bring
fluids and dissolved substances
into the cell.
Pinocytosis
200
Molecules at the cell surface recognize and trigger the uptake of specific
materials.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
201
This moves materials out of the cell is the process by
which materials packaged in vesicles are secreted from a cell when the vesicle membrane fuses with the plasma
membrane
Exocytosis
202
It is located outside the plasma
| membrane
Cell wall
203
Its rigidity supports the cell and
| determines its shape
Cell wall
204
It is the enclosing the cell wall of
| some bacteria
CAPSULE
205
These protect the bacteria from
| attacking by the white blood cells
capsules
206
```
This is a system that contains molecules
needed for photosynthesis. The
development of photosynthesis, which
requires membranes, was an important
event in the early evolution of life on
Earth.
```
Internal membranes
207
Prokaryotes can swim using its
appendages called what, which looks
like tiny corkscrews
Flagella
208
It causes the motion of the cells; if
| they removed , the cells do not move
Flagella
209
These are structures made of protein that
project from the surfaces of some types
of bacterial cells.
Pili
210
These are hair-like structures are shorter than
| flagella and are used for adherence.
Pili
211
This is the collective name for protein
filaments that play roles in cell
division or in maintaining the shapes
of cells.
Cytoskeleton
