Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Peeb MCAT > Biology Quicksheets > Flashcards

Biology Quicksheets Flashcards

(128 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains all of the genetic material necessary for replication of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Location of the many metabolic processes (Pyruvate dehydrogenase, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation, beta oxidation, some of gluconeogenesis, urea cycle) And ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down many different substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Interconnected membranous structure with ribosomes studding the outside; site of synthesis of proteins destined for insertion into a membrane or secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Interconnected membranous structure where lipid synthesis and detoxification occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Membrane-bound sacs where post translational modification of proteins occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Organelle containing hydrogen peroxide; site of beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acid’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Fluid Mosaic model and membrane traffic

A

Phospholipid bilayer with cholesterol and embedded proteins, exterior with hydrophilic phosphate head groups and interior with hydrophobic fatty acid’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Three basic tenets of cell theory

A

All living things are composed of cells, the cell is the basic functional unit of life cells arise only from pre-existing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the new fourth tenet of cell theory

A

Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA, DNA is passed on from parent to daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nucleus: eukaryotes versus prokaryotes

A

Eukaryotes contain membrane-bound organelle’s such as a nucleus, prokaryotes are simpler cells without a nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the three shapes of prokaryotic bacteria

A

Cocci – spherical bacteria
Bacilli – rod shaped bacteria
Spirilli– spiral shaped bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell envelope

A

Made of cell wall and a cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

2 classifications for bacteria cell wall

A

Gram positive– Large quantities of peptidoglycan in the cell wall
Gram negative – smaller quantities of peptidoglycan with lipopolysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Flagella

A

Eukaryotic flagella contain a basal body that serves as the engine for motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you prokaryotes divide

A

Binary fission, The circular chromosome replicates and attaches to the cell wall, the plasma membrane and cell wall grow along the midline forming daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stages of cell division

A

G1- cell increases organelles and cytoplasm
S- DNA replication
G2- same as G1
M- cell divides in two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Describe meiosis one

A

Two pairs of sister chromatids form tetrads during prophase one, crossing over leads to genetic recombination in prophase one, homologous chromosomes separate during metaphase one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe meiosis two

A

Essentially identical to mitosis but no replication, meiosis occurs in spermatogenesis and oogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the four stages of early development

A

Cleavage – mitotic division’s
Implantation – embryo implants during blastula stage
Gastrulation – ectoderm endoderm and mesoderm form
Neurulation - germ layers develop A nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ectoderm

A

Nervous system, epidermis, lens of eye, inner ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Endoderm

A

Lining of the digestive tract, lungs, liver and pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mesoderm

A

Muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Livers roles in homeostasis

A

Gluconeogenesis
glycogenolysis,
processing of nitrogenous waste like urea, detoxification of wastes chemicals and drugs,
storage of iron and vitamin a,
synthesis of bile and blood proteins,
Beta oxidation of fatty acid‘s to Ketones, interconversion of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Layers of the skin
``` Stratum corneum Stratham lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratham Spinosum Stratham basal is ```
26
Steps of Osmo regulation
Filtration, secretion, reabsorption
27
Filtration
At the glomerulus, filtrate which is fluid and small solutes will pass through passively
28
Secretion
Secretion of acid’s, bases, ions from intestinal flu it to filtrate. Maintains the pH, concentration of potassium, and concentration of waste. Can be passive or active
29
Reabsorption
Essential substances and water flow from filtrate to blood. Enabled by osmolarity gradient and selective permeability of the walls. Can be passive or active
30
Aldosterone
Stimulates sodium reabsorption, potassium and hydrogen ion secretion, increasing water reabsorption, blood volume, and blood pressure Secreted from adrenal cortex, regulated by the renin angiotensin aldosterone system
31
ADH
Vasopressin Increases collecting ducts permeability to water to increase water reabsorption, is secreted from posterior pituitary with high concentration of solute in the blood
32
Kidneys
Regulate concentration of salt and water in the blood their functional unit is the nephron
33
Hormones of the anterior pituitary
Flat Peg Follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, endorphins, growth hormone
34
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Stimulates follicle maturation, spermatogenesis
35
Luteinizing hormone
Stimulates ovulation, testosterone synthesis
36
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Stimulates adrenal cortex to make and secrete glucocorticoids
37
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones
38
Prolactin
Stimulates milk production and secretion
39
Endorphins
Inhibits the perception of pain in the brain
40
Growth hormone
Stimulates bone and muscle growth, Lipolysis
41
Hormones from the hypothalamus | Where are they stored?
Oxytocin and anti-diuretic hormone | Posterior pituitary
42
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor, milk secretion during lactation
43
Antidiuretic hormone
Stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys
44
Hormones from the thyroid
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4, calcitonin
45
Thyroid hormones T3 and T4
Stimulates metabolic activity
46
Calcitonin
Decreases blood calcium levels
47
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood calcium level
48
Hormones from the adrenal cortex
Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
49
Glucocorticoids
Increases blood glucose level and decreases proteins synthesis, anti-inflammatory
50
Mineralocorticoids
Increases sodium and water reabsorption in kidneys
51
Hormones from the adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
52
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Increases blood glucose level and heart rate
53
Hormones from the pancreas
Glucagon, insulin, somatostatin
54
Glucagon
Stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver, increases blood glucose
55
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose, increases glycogen stores
56
Somatostatin
Suppresses the secretion of glucagon and insulin
57
Hormone from the testes
Testosterone – maintains male secondary sex characteristics
58
Hormones from the ovary and placenta
Estrogen and progesterone
59
Estrogen
Maintenance female secondary sex characteristics
60
Progesterone
Promotes growth and maintenance of endometrium
61
Hormone from the pineal gland
Melatonin – regulates sleep wake cycles
62
Hormone from the heart
Atrial natriuretic peptide– Involved in Osmo regulation and vasodilation
63
Hormone from the thymus
Thymosin – stimulates T cell development
64
Four stages of menstrual cycle
Follicular – FSH causes growth of a follicle Population – LH causes follicle to release egg luteal – corpus luteum forms Menstruation – endometrial lining sheds
65
Resting potential
Three sodium pumped out for every two potassium pump in
66
Action potential
Stimulus acts on a neuron depolarizing the membrane of the cell body
67
Impulse propagation
Depolarization is when sodium rushes into the axon, it is followed by repolarization when potassium rushes out of the axon along the nerve axon
68
Synapse
Voltage gated calcium channels open and calcium goes into the cell Vesicles fuse with presynaptic membrane sending the Nero transmitter across the synaptic cleft, then the neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the post synaptic membrane triggering the depolarization
69
What are all of the branches of the peripheral nervous system
Sensory and motor Motor – somatic and autonomic Autonomic – parasympathetic and sympathetic
70
What are the four steps of action potential and describe
Rest- all of the gates are closed except for leak channels Depolarization – sodium gates open Repolarization – sodium gates in activate and potassium gates open Hyperpolarization – all gates closed
71
Sarcomere
Contractile unit of the fibers in skeletal muscle, contains thin Actin and thick myosin filaments
72
Steps of sarcomere contraction
Initiation, sarcomere shortening, relaxation
73
Initiation of contraction
Depolarization of a neuron leads to an action potential
74
Sarcomere shortening of contraction
Sarco plasmic reticulum releases calcium, calcium binds to troponin on the actin filament, tropomyosin shifts exposing myosin binding sites, myosin binds, ATPase activity allows Myosin to pull thin filaments towards the center of the each zone and then ATP causes dissociation
75
Relaxation of contraction
Calcium is pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
76
Osteoblast
Builds bone
77
Osteoclast
Breaks down bone
78
Re-formation of bone
In organic items are absorbed from the blood for use in bone
79
Degradation of bone
In organic ions are released into the blood
80
What is the path of circulation through the heart
Superior and inferior vena cava – right atrium - right ventricle – pulmonary arteries - lungs -pulmonary veins - left atrium -left ventricle -aorta -body
81
Three portal systems of the body | What is a portal system?
Hepatic – liver, kidney, brain – Hypophyseal | Blood travels through an extra capillary bed before returning to the heart
82
Foramen ovale
Connects right and left atria
83
Ductus arteriosus
Connects pulmonary artery to aorta. Along with foramen ovale, shunts blood away from the lungs
84
Ductus venosus
Connects umbilical vein to inferior vena cava, connecting umbilical circulation to central circulation
85
Plasma
Aqueous mixture of nutrients, waste, hormones , blood proteins, gases, and salts
86
Erythrocytes
Carry oxygen via hemoglobin
87
Hemoglobin
Has four subunits which carry oxygen and carbon dioxide iron controls binding and releasing
88
What are the factors that shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right
Increase in temperature, decrease in pH, increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, Bohr effect
89
Platelets
Release thromboplastin, which along with cofactors calcium and vitamin K converts in active prothrombin to active thrombin Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin which surrounds blood cells to form a clot
90
Blood typing
Antigens are located on the surface of red blood cells
91
Blood type a
A antigen, anti-B antibodies, can donate to A or AB blood type or receive from A or O
92
Blood type B
B antigen, anti A antibodies, donates to B or AB, receives from B or O
93
AB blood type
A and B antigen, no antibodies, donates only to AB, receives from all blood types
94
O blood type
No antigen, anti A and anti B antibodies, donates to all, receives only O
95
Where does gas exchange occurs across
Thin walls of the alveoli
96
What kind of blood enters the pulmonary capillaries
Deoxygenated
97
Describe what happens to inhaled oxygen
It will diffuse down its gradient into the capillaries where it binds with hemoglobin and returns to the heart CO2 from the tissues diffuses from the capillaries to the alveoli and is exhaled
98
Describe fetal respiration
Fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity for oxygen then adult hemaglobin. Gas and nutrient exchange occur cross the placenta
99
Where is salivary amylase produced and what does it do
Salivary gland’s, converts starch to maltose
100
Where is pancreatic amylase made and where does it function and what does it do
Pancreas, small intestine, starch to maltose hydrolysis reaction
101
Maltese, sucrose, lactase
Produced in intestinal glands, functions in the small intestine Convert maltose into two glucoses Converts sucrose into glucose and fructose Converts Lactose into glucose and galactose
102
How are lipids digested
When Chyme is present, the duodenum secretes the hormone cholecystokinin into the blood which will stimulate the secretion of pancreatic enzymes and bile. The bile is made in the liver and will emulsify fat in the small intestine. Lipase is made in the pancreas and will hydrolyze lipids in the small intestine
103
What enzyme is made from the gastric glands specifically from the chief cells in the stomach
Pepsin – hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds
104
What enzymes are made from the pancreas
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases a and B
105
Trypsin
Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds and converts chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin
106
Chymotrypsin
Hydrolyzes specific peptide bonds
107
Carboxypeptidases a and B
Hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at Cterminus
108
Enzymes made in the intestinal glands
Amino peptidase, dipeptidase, Entero peptidase
109
Aminopeptidase
Hydrolyzes terminal peptide bond at N terminus
110
Dipeptidase
Hydrolyze is part of amino acids
111
Enteropeptidase
Converts tripsinogen And pro carboxypeptidases to the active form
112
How does the body distinguish between self and non-self
Antigens
113
What are the two types of B cells
Memory cells – remember antigen, speed up secondary response | Plasma cells – Macon release antibodies to induce antigen phagocytosis
114
Active immunity
Antibodies are produced during an immune response
115
Passive immunity
Antibodies produced by one organism are transferred to another organism
116
Cell mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
117
Humoral immunity
B cells
118
Four types of T cells
Cytotoxic T cells – destroy cells directly Helper T cells – activate B and T cells and macrophages by secreting lymphokines Memory cells Suppressor T cells – regulate B cells and T cells to decrease anti-antigen activity
119
Non-specific immune response
Includes skin, passages lined with cilia, macrophages, inflammatory response, interferons
120
Interferon
Pro Tien that helps prevent the spread of the virus
121
Where do lymph vessels meet
At the thoracic duct in the upper chest and neck, draining into the left subclavian vein of the cardiovascular system
122
Lymph
Excess interstitial fluid
123
Lacteal
Collect fats by absorbing chylomicrons in the small intestine
124
Lymph nodes
Swellings along the vessels with phagocytic cells like macrophages, they remove foreign particles from lymph
125
cysterna chyli
empties lymph from the lower half of the body to the thoracic duct
126
spleen
has white blood cells, filters blood and removes old cells
127
thymus
site of T cell maturation
128
lacteals
transport fats from the digestive system into the bloodstream, located in villi of small intestine, turns fats into chylomicron balls to transport easier into lymph system

Peeb MCAT (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions